1 Samuel 20:28
New International Version
Jonathan answered, “David earnestly asked me for permission to go to Bethlehem.

New Living Translation
Jonathan replied, “David earnestly asked me if he could go to Bethlehem.

English Standard Version
Jonathan answered Saul, “David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem.

Berean Standard Bible
Jonathan answered, “David urgently requested my permission to go to Bethlehem,

Berean Literal Bible
And Jonathan answered Saul, “David urgently requested from me to go to Bethlehem,

King James Bible
And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem:

New King James Version
So Jonathan answered Saul, “David earnestly asked permission of me to go to Bethlehem.

New American Standard Bible
And Jonathan answered Saul, “David earnestly requested leave of me to go to Bethlehem.

NASB 1995
Jonathan then answered Saul, “David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem,

NASB 1977
Jonathan then answered Saul, “David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem,

Legacy Standard Bible
Jonathan then answered Saul, “David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem,

Amplified Bible
Jonathan answered Saul, “David earnestly asked me for permission to go to Bethlehem.

Berean Annotated Bible
Jonathan (YHWH has given) (desired) answered, “David (beloved) urgently requested my permission to go to Bethlehem (house of bread),

Christian Standard Bible
Jonathan answered, “David asked for my permission to go to Bethlehem.

Holman Christian Standard Bible
Jonathan answered, “David asked for my permission to go to Bethlehem.

American Standard Version
And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Beth-lehem:

English Revised Version
And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Beth-lehem:

GOD'S WORD® Translation
Jonathan answered Saul, "David repeatedly begged me [to let him go] to Bethlehem.

Good News Translation
Jonathan answered, "He begged me to let him go to Bethlehem.

International Standard Version
Jonathan answered Saul, "David urgently requested that I let him go to Bethlehem.

NET Bible
Jonathan replied to Saul, "David urgently requested that he be allowed to go to Bethlehem.

New Heart English Bible
Jonathan answered Saul, and said, "David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem.

Webster's Bible Translation
And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Beth-lehem:
Majority Text Translations
Majority Standard Bible
Jonathan answered, “David urgently requested my permission to go to Bethlehem,

World English Bible
Jonathan answered Saul, “David earnestly asked permission of me to go to Bethlehem.
Literal Translations
Literal Standard Version
And Jonathan answers Saul, “David has earnestly asked [permission] from me [to go] to Beth-Lehem,

Berean Literal Bible
And Jonathan answered Saul, “David urgently requested from me to go to Bethlehem,

Young's Literal Translation
And Jonathan answereth Saul, 'David hath been earnestly asked of me unto Beth-Lehem,

Smith's Literal Translation
And Jonathan will answer to Saul, Asking, David asked of me even for the House of Bread:
Catholic Translations
Douay-Rheims Bible
And Jonathan answered Saul: He asked leave of me earnestly to go to Bethlehem,

Catholic Public Domain Version
And Jonathan responded to Saul, “He petitioned me earnestly that he might go to Bethlehem,

New American Bible
Jonathan explained to Saul: “David pleaded with me to let him go to Bethlehem.

New Revised Standard Version
Jonathan answered Saul, “David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem;
Translations from Aramaic
Lamsa Bible
And Jonathan answered and said to Saul his father, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Beth-lehem;

Peshitta Holy Bible Translated
And Jonathan answered and said to Shaul his father: “David urgently requested of me that he would go unto Bayth Lekhem his town
OT Translations
JPS Tanakh 1917
And Jonathan answered Saul: 'David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Beth-lehem;

Brenton Septuagint Translation
And Jonathan answered Saul, and said to him, David asked leave of me to go as far as Bethleem his city;

Additional Translations ...
Audio Bible



Context
Jonathan and David Renew Their Covenant
27But on the day after the New Moon, the second day, David’s place was still empty, and Saul asked his son Jonathan, “Why hasn’t the son of Jesse come to the meal either yesterday or today?” 28Jonathan answered, “David urgently requested my permission to go to Bethlehem, 29saying, ‘Please let me go, because our clan is holding a sacrifice in the city, and my brother has told me to be there. So now, if I have found favor in your eyes, please let me go and see my brothers.’ That is why he did not come to the king’s table.”…

Cross References
Jonathan answered,

1 Samuel 19:4-5
Then Jonathan spoke well of David to his father Saul and said to him, “The king should not sin against his servant David; he has not sinned against you. In fact, his actions have been highly beneficial to you. / He took his life in his hands when he struck down the Philistine, and the LORD worked a great salvation for all Israel. You saw it and rejoiced, so why would you sin against innocent blood by killing David for no reason?”

Proverbs 31:8-9
Open your mouth for those with no voice, for the cause of all the dispossessed. / Open your mouth, judge righteously, and defend the cause of the poor and needy.

Proverbs 15:1
A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger.
“David urgently requested

Luke 11:5-8
Then Jesus said to them, “Suppose one of you goes to his friend at midnight and says, ‘Friend, lend me three loaves of bread, / because a friend of mine has come to me on a journey, and I have nothing to set before him.’ / And suppose the one inside answers, ‘Do not bother me. My door is already shut, and my children and I are in bed. I cannot get up to give you anything.’ …

Genesis 18:30-32
Then Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry, but let me speak further. Suppose thirty are found there?” He replied, “If I find thirty there, I will not do it.” / And Abraham said, “Now that I have ventured to speak to the Lord, suppose twenty are found there?” He answered, “On account of the twenty, I will not destroy it.” / Finally, Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry, but let me speak once more. Suppose ten are found there?” And He answered, “On account of the ten, I will not destroy it.”

Esther 5:6-8
And as they drank their wine, the king said to Esther, “What is your petition? It will be given to you. What is your request? Even up to half the kingdom, it will be fulfilled.” / Esther replied, “This is my petition and my request: / If I have found favor in the sight of the king, and if it pleases the king to grant my petition and fulfill my request, may the king and Haman come tomorrow to the banquet I will prepare for them. Then I will answer the king’s question.”
my permission

2 Samuel 15:7-9
After four years had passed, Absalom said to the king, “Please let me go to Hebron to fulfill a vow I have made to the LORD. / For your servant made a vow while dwelling in Geshur of Aram, saying: ‘If indeed the LORD brings me back to Jerusalem, I will worship the LORD in Hebron.’” / “Go in peace,” said the king. So Absalom got up and went to Hebron.

1 Kings 19:20-21
So Elisha left the oxen, ran after Elijah, and said, “Please let me kiss my father and mother goodbye, and then I will follow you.” “Go on back,” Elijah replied, “for what have I done to you?” / So Elisha turned back from him, took his pair of oxen, and slaughtered them. Using the oxen’s equipment for fuel, he cooked the meat and gave it to the people, and they ate. Then he set out to follow and serve Elijah.

Acts 26:1
Agrippa said to Paul, “You have permission to speak for yourself.” Then Paul stretched out his hand and began his defense:
to go to Bethlehem,

Luke 2:4-7
So Joseph also went up from Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to the city of David called Bethlehem, since he was from the house and line of David. / He went there to register with Mary, who was pledged to him in marriage and was expecting a child. / While they were there, the time came for her Child to be born. …

1 Samuel 16:1-5
Now the LORD said to Samuel, “How long are you going to mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him as king over Israel? Fill your horn with oil and go. I am sending you to Jesse of Bethlehem, for I have selected from his sons a king for Myself.” / “How can I go?” Samuel asked. “Saul will hear of it and kill me!” The LORD answered, “Take a heifer with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the LORD.’ / Then invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you are to do. You are to anoint for Me the one I indicate.” …

Micah 5:2
But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, who are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come forth for Me One to be ruler over Israel—One whose origins are of old, from the days of eternity.
1 Samuel 19:2-3
so he warned David, saying, “My father Saul intends to kill you. Be on your guard in the morning; find a secret place and hide there. / I will go out and stand beside my father in the field where you are, so I can ask about you. And if I find out anything, I will tell you.”

1 Samuel 18:3-4
Then Jonathan made a covenant with David because he loved him as himself. / And Jonathan removed the robe he was wearing and gave it to David, along with his tunic, his sword, his bow, and his belt.

1 Samuel 16:2
“How can I go?” Samuel asked. “Saul will hear of it and kill me!” The LORD answered, “Take a heifer with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the LORD.’

1 Samuel 25:29
And should someone pursue you and seek your life, then the life of my lord will be bound securely by the LORD your God in the bundle of the living. But He shall fling away the lives of your enemies like stones from a sling.


Treasury of Scripture

And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem:

1 Samuel 20:6
If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family.

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1 Samuel 20
1. David consults with Jonathan for his safety
11. Jonathan and David renew their covenant by oath
18. Jonathan's token to David
23. Saul, missing David, seeks to kill Jonathan
35. Jonathan affectionately takes his leave of David












Jonathan answered
Jonathan, the son of King Saul and a close friend of David, is speaking here. His loyalty to David is significant, as it demonstrates a deep bond that transcends familial allegiance. Jonathan's role as a mediator between Saul and David highlights the tension between his loyalty to his father and his friendship with David. This moment reflects Jonathan's integrity and willingness to protect David, even at personal risk.

David urgently requested
David's request is described as urgent, indicating the seriousness of the situation. This urgency reflects the danger David perceives from Saul, who has become increasingly hostile towards him. The urgency also underscores David's need to act quickly to ensure his safety. This moment is part of a larger narrative where David is often on the run from Saul, showcasing the trials he faces before becoming king.

my permission
Jonathan's role in granting permission suggests a level of authority or influence he holds, possibly due to his position as the king's son. It also indicates the trust and respect between Jonathan and David. This request for permission highlights the cultural norms of the time, where seeking approval from a superior or peer was a sign of respect and protocol.

to go to Bethlehem
Bethlehem, David's hometown, is significant both geographically and theologically. It is located in the territory of Judah and is later known as the birthplace of Jesus Christ, linking David's story to the messianic prophecy. David's return to Bethlehem can be seen as a strategic move to seek refuge among his kin. Bethlehem's mention here foreshadows its future importance in biblical history as the City of David and the birthplace of the Messiah.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Jonathan
The son of King Saul and a close friend of David. Known for his loyalty and integrity, Jonathan plays a crucial role in protecting David from Saul's wrath.

2. David
The future king of Israel, anointed by Samuel. At this point in the account, David is fleeing from King Saul, who seeks to kill him out of jealousy and fear of losing his throne.

3. Saul
The first king of Israel, who becomes increasingly paranoid and hostile towards David, seeing him as a threat to his reign.

4. Bethlehem
The hometown of David, located in the territory of Judah. It is significant as the birthplace of David and later, Jesus Christ.

5. The New Moon Festival
A religious observance in ancient Israel, marking the beginning of a new month. It was a time for sacrifices and communal meals, during which David's absence is noted.
Teaching Points
Loyalty and Friendship
Jonathan's actions demonstrate the importance of loyalty and selfless friendship. True friends support and protect each other, even at personal risk.

Courage in Adversity
David's situation teaches us about courage and reliance on God when facing unjust persecution. Trusting in God's plan is crucial, even when circumstances seem dire.

The Role of Providence
God's providence is evident in the unfolding events. Despite Saul's intentions, God's plan for David's future kingship remains unthwarted, reminding us of God's sovereignty.

The Importance of Honesty
Jonathan's honest communication with Saul, despite the potential consequences, underscores the value of truthfulness in our relationships.

Family and Faith
The tension between Jonathan's loyalty to David and his relationship with Saul highlights the challenges of balancing family obligations with faithfulness to God's purposes.
Bible Study Questions and Answers
1. What is the meaning of 1 Samuel 20:28?

2. How does Jonathan's response in 1 Samuel 20:28 demonstrate loyalty to David?

3. What can we learn about friendship from Jonathan's actions in 1 Samuel 20:28?

4. How does Jonathan's loyalty reflect Christ's teachings on love and sacrifice?

5. How can we apply Jonathan's courage in defending truth in our own lives?

6. What other biblical examples show loyalty similar to Jonathan's in 1 Samuel 20:28?

7. Why did Jonathan lie to Saul about David's absence in 1 Samuel 20:28?

8. How does Jonathan's loyalty to David reflect on his faith in God?

9. What cultural practices are highlighted in 1 Samuel 20:28 regarding family obligations?

10. What are the top 10 Lessons from 1 Samuel 20?

11. Does the nature of Jonathan's covenant with David in 1 Samuel 20:16 present any inconsistencies with later depictions of Israelite covenants?

12. Why does Saul's sudden rage toward Jonathan in 1 Samuel 20:30-33 seem disproportionate and historically uncontextualized?

13. In Leviticus 20:27, how does the death sentence for mediums and spiritists reconcile with the Bible's own instances of sanctioned supernatural encounters (e.g., 1 Samuel 28)?

14. Are the clandestine signals used by Jonathan in 1 Samuel 20:19-22 verifiable through any parallel ancient Near Eastern texts or historical records?
What Does 1 Samuel 20:28 Mean
Jonathan answered

Saul’s table is set for the New Moon feast (1 Samuel 20:24–27). David’s seat is empty—again. The king demands an explanation, and Jonathan steps in.

• Jonathan’s immediate response keeps David out of Saul’s direct line of fire, just as he did in 1 Samuel 19:4–6.

• His words reveal courageous loyalty; though Saul is his father, Jonathan protects the friend with whom he has a covenant (1 Samuel 18:3).

• By answering, Jonathan takes ownership of the situation, shielding David and giving Saul only the information that supports David’s safety.


David urgently requested

Jonathan recounts David’s plea: “He urgently requested…” (1 Samuel 20:28).

• The urgency underscores the genuine danger David senses (1 Samuel 20:1).

• It also validates David’s absence; an urgent request implies a pressing, legitimate need, consistent with the trustworthiness David has shown since slaying Goliath (1 Samuel 17:32–37).

• The detail signals Jonathan’s honesty—he conveys David’s tone faithfully, echoing the transparency of their earlier conversation (1 Samuel 20:11–17).


my permission

Jonathan tells Saul that David sought “my permission.”

• As crown prince, Jonathan possesses sufficient authority to grant leave from the royal table, a prerogative Saul himself recognizes in 1 Samuel 20:27.

• The phrase shows the depth of David’s respect; although he is the anointed future king (1 Samuel 16:13), he still submits to Jonathan’s leadership (see also 1 Peter 2:17 on honoring rightful authority).

• Jonathan’s willingness to grant permission demonstrates covenant love overruling personal ambition (Philippians 2:3–4), fulfilling his promise to do “whatever you say” (1 Samuel 20:4).


to go to Bethlehem

Bethlehem, David’s hometown (1 Samuel 17:15), is where David claims he must attend a family sacrifice (1 Samuel 20:6).

• Family sacrifices were customary (Exodus 12:3; Deuteronomy 12:5–7), making the excuse plausible.

• Bethlehem is also the city of promise: birthplace of David and, prophetically, of the Messiah (Micah 5:2; Luke 2:4).

• The move cleverly places David away from Saul’s spear-throwing reach (1 Samuel 19:10), illustrating Proverbs 22:3: “The prudent see danger and hide.”


summary

1 Samuel 20:28 captures Jonathan acting as a protective intermediary. By answering Saul, articulating David’s urgent request, invoking his own authority, and citing Bethlehem as the destination, Jonathan upholds his covenant with David while momentarily pacifying Saul. The verse showcases loyalty, wisdom, and God’s providential care for His anointed servant, ensuring David’s path toward the throne remains unbroken.

Parallel Commentaries ...


Hebrew
Jonathan
יְהוֹנָתָ֖ן (yə·hō·w·nā·ṯān)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3083: Jonathan -- 'the LORD has given', the name of a number of Israelites

answered,
וַיַּ֥עַן (way·ya·‘an)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Consecutive imperfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 6030: To answer, respond

“David
דָּוִ֛ד (dā·wiḏ)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 1732: David -- perhaps 'beloved one', a son of Jesse

urgently requested
נִשְׁאֹ֨ל (niš·’ōl)
Verb - Nifal - Infinitive absolute
Strong's 7592: To inquire, to request, to demand

my permission to
עַד־ (‘aḏ-)
Preposition
Strong's 5704: As far as, even to, up to, until, while

go to Bethlehem,
לָֽחֶם׃ (lā·ḥem)
Noun - proper - feminine singular
Strong's 1035: Bethlehem -- 'place of bread', a city in Judah, also a city in Zebulun


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OT History: 1 Samuel 20:28 Jonathan answered Saul David earnestly asked leave (1Sa iSam 1 Sam i sa)
1 Samuel 20:27
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