Then Balaam said to Balak
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is speaking to Balak, the king of Moab. This interaction occurs during Israel's wilderness journey to the Promised Land. Balak, fearing the Israelites, seeks Balaam's help to curse them. This highlights the tension between Israel and surrounding nations. Balaam's role as a prophet for hire contrasts with the true prophets of Israel, who serve God alone.

“Build for me seven altars here
The request for seven altars is significant. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection. Building multiple altars suggests an attempt to ensure the effectiveness of the ritual. This act reflects the pagan practices of the time, where multiple sacrifices were believed to gain favor from deities.

and prepare for me seven bulls and seven rams.”
Bulls and rams were common sacrificial animals in ancient rituals, symbolizing strength and leadership. The use of seven of each animal further emphasizes the attempt to secure divine favor through abundant offerings. This mirrors the sacrificial system in Leviticus, where specific animals are prescribed for offerings, yet contrasts with the singular altar and sacrifice system ordained by God for Israel. The act foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who fulfills and surpasses all Old Testament sacrifices.

So Balak did as Balaam had instructed
Balak, the king of Moab, follows the instructions of Balaam, a prophet known for his ability to bless and curse. This obedience highlights Balak's desperation to curse the Israelites, who were encamped on the plains of Moab. The narrative underscores the tension between divine will and human attempts to manipulate it. Balak's compliance also reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of seeking divine favor through intermediaries like Balaam.

and Balak and Balaam offered a bull and a ram on each altar
The offering of a bull and a ram on each altar is significant in the context of ancient sacrificial practices. Bulls and rams were considered valuable sacrifices, often associated with atonement and seeking favor from deities. This act of sacrifice is intended to invoke a divine response, aligning with the cultural understanding of appeasing gods through offerings. The use of multiple altars suggests an attempt to ensure the effectiveness of the ritual, emphasizing the seriousness of Balak's request. This scene also foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who fulfills and surpasses the Old Testament sacrificial system, offering Himself as the perfect atonement for sin.

Stay here by your burnt offering while I am gone,
In the ancient Near Eastern context, burnt offerings were a common practice among various cultures, including the Israelites, as a means of worship and seeking favor from deities. The burnt offering here signifies an attempt to gain divine attention and favor. Balaam instructs Balak to remain by the offering, indicating the importance of the ritual in seeking a divine encounter. This reflects the belief that sacrifices could facilitate communication with the divine, a concept also seen in Leviticus 1, where burnt offerings are detailed as a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

Balaam said to Balak.
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is a complex figure who is both a seer and a diviner. His interactions with Balak, the king of Moab, highlight the tension between divine will and human desire. Balak's role as king underscores the political and spiritual stakes involved, as he seeks to curse Israel, whom he perceives as a threat. This interaction is part of a larger narrative where God uses Balaam, despite his intentions, to bless Israel instead.

Perhaps the LORD will meet with me.
The use of "perhaps" indicates uncertainty in Balaam's ability to control or predict divine encounters, emphasizing God's sovereignty. The term "LORD" (YHWH) is significant, as it denotes the covenant name of the God of Israel, suggesting that Balaam acknowledges the power and authority of Israel's God, even though he is not an Israelite. This reflects the biblical theme that God can reveal Himself to and through anyone, regardless of their background.

And whatever He reveals to me, I will tell you.
Balaam's commitment to relay only what God reveals highlights the prophetic principle of speaking God's truth, regardless of personal or political pressure. This aligns with the biblical standard for true prophecy, as seen in Deuteronomy 18:18-22, where a prophet must speak only what God commands. Balaam's statement foreshadows the divine messages he will deliver, which ultimately bless Israel instead of cursing them.

So Balaam went off to a barren height,
The "barren height" refers to a high place, often used in ancient times for worship and divination, as it was believed to be closer to the divine realm. This setting underscores the spiritual nature of Balaam's task and the expectation of a divine encounter. High places were common in Canaanite and Israelite worship, though later condemned in Israelite practice (2 Kings 23:8). The choice of location reflects the cultural and religious practices of the time, where geography was thought to influence spiritual experiences.

and God met with him.
This phrase indicates a divine encounter, emphasizing God's sovereignty and willingness to engage with individuals outside of Israel, such as Balaam. In the broader biblical narrative, God often meets with His chosen servants, such as Moses on Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:20). This meeting underscores God's control over the situation, despite Balaam's pagan background. It also highlights the theme of God's omnipresence and His ability to use anyone to fulfill His purposes, as seen in other instances like Cyrus in Isaiah 45:1.

“I have set up seven altars,”
The number seven in the Bible often symbolizes completeness or perfection, as seen in the creation week (Genesis 1-2). Balaam's use of seven altars may reflect an attempt to fully appease or impress God, aligning with ancient Near Eastern practices where specific numbers held ritual significance. This act of setting up altars is reminiscent of patriarchal practices, such as Abraham building altars to the Lord (Genesis 12:7). However, Balaam's altars are not for Yahweh alone, indicating a syncretistic approach to worship.

Balaam said,
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is a complex figure who acknowledges the true God yet is entangled in pagan practices. His story is a reminder of the tension between true prophecy and divination, as seen in Deuteronomy 18:10-12, where divination is condemned. Balaam's role in the narrative serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromising with pagan practices while acknowledging the true God.

“and on each altar I have offered a bull and a ram.”
The offering of a bull and a ram on each altar reflects common sacrificial practices in the ancient Near East, where such offerings were made to seek favor or guidance from deities. In the Israelite context, bulls and rams were significant in sacrificial rituals, as seen in Leviticus 1:3-9. These offerings symbolize atonement and dedication, yet Balaam's sacrifices are not made in the context of the covenant relationship with Yahweh. This highlights the contrast between true worship and ritualistic attempts to manipulate divine favor.

Then the LORD put a message in Balaam’s mouth
This phrase indicates divine inspiration and control over Balaam's words. In the biblical context, Balaam was a non-Israelite prophet, and this demonstrates God's sovereignty over all nations and peoples. The act of God putting words in someone's mouth is reminiscent of how God spoke through prophets like Moses (Exodus 4:12) and Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:9). It underscores the belief that true prophecy comes directly from God, not from human invention or manipulation.

saying, “Return to Balak
Balak was the king of Moab, who sought to curse Israel through Balaam. This command to return to Balak highlights the ongoing narrative of conflict between Moab and Israel. Historically, Moab was located east of the Dead Sea, and its interactions with Israel were often marked by tension and hostility. The instruction to return signifies the continuation of God's plan and the unfolding of His will despite human intentions.

and give him this message.”
The directive to deliver a specific message emphasizes the role of the prophet as a mouthpiece for God. This reflects the biblical theme of obedience to God's commands, as seen in the lives of other prophets like Jonah, who was also sent with a message to a foreign nation (Jonah 1:2). The message Balaam is to deliver is not of his own making, reinforcing the idea that God's word is authoritative and unchangeable. This also foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises and prophecies, as seen in the New Testament with the coming of Jesus Christ, who is the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

So he returned to Balak
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, returns to Balak, the king of Moab. This encounter is part of a larger narrative where Balak seeks to curse the Israelites. The return signifies Balaam's compliance with Balak's request, yet under divine constraint. This moment highlights the tension between human intentions and divine will, as Balaam is unable to curse whom God has blessed. The narrative underscores the sovereignty of God over human affairs, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

who was standing there beside his burnt offering
Balak's position beside the burnt offering indicates his expectation and hope for a favorable outcome from Balaam. Burnt offerings were common in ancient Near Eastern religious practices, symbolizing devotion and appeasement to deities. In this context, it reflects Balak's desperation to manipulate spiritual forces against Israel. Theologically, it contrasts with the Israelite understanding of sacrifices, which were meant to honor God rather than manipulate Him. This scene foreshadows the futility of opposing God's chosen people, as seen in other biblical narratives like the Exodus.

with all the princes of Moab
The presence of Moabite princes emphasizes the political and social weight of the situation. These leaders represent the collective anxiety of Moab regarding the Israelites. Historically, Moab was a neighboring nation often in conflict with Israel, and this gathering of princes signifies a united front against a perceived threat. Theologically, it illustrates the broader theme of nations conspiring against God's plans, reminiscent of Psalm 2, where the nations plot in vain against the Lord and His Anointed. This assembly of princes also prefigures the gathering of nations against Christ, who ultimately triumphs over all opposition.

And Balaam lifted up an oracle, saying:
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is known for his ability to communicate with God, which is unusual for someone outside the covenant community. The term "oracle" indicates a divine message, often associated with prophecy. Balaam's role as a prophet is complex, as he is both a seer and a diviner, which is evident in his interactions with Balak and God. This moment marks the beginning of a series of prophecies that Balaam will deliver, which are significant in the narrative of Israel's journey to the Promised Land.

Balak brought me from Aram,
Aram refers to a region in Mesopotamia, often associated with the area around the Euphrates River. This geographical reference highlights the distance Balak was willing to go to secure Balaam's services, indicating the seriousness of his intent to curse Israel. Aram is historically significant as the homeland of the patriarchs, such as Abraham, which adds a layer of irony to Balak's request, as he seeks to curse the descendants of those who once lived in Aram.

the king of Moab from the mountains of the east.
Balak, the king of Moab, represents a nation historically connected to Lot, Abraham's nephew. The "mountains of the east" likely refer to the highlands east of the Jordan River, a region known for its strategic and defensive advantages. Moab's fear of Israel is rooted in their recent victories over other nations, and Balak's actions reflect the political and military tensions of the time.

‘Come,’ he said, ‘put a curse on Jacob for me;
The request to curse "Jacob" is a direct reference to the nation of Israel, descended from Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. Cursing in the ancient Near Eastern context was believed to have real power, and Balak's desire to curse Israel reflects his desperation to weaken them. This request is significant in light of God's covenant with Abraham, which included promises of blessing and protection for his descendants.

come and denounce Israel!’
To "denounce" Israel implies a formal declaration against them, seeking to invoke divine disfavor. This reflects the belief in the power of spoken words and blessings or curses in the ancient world. The request to denounce Israel is ultimately futile, as God's covenant promises to Israel ensure their protection and blessing. This moment foreshadows the ultimate failure of Balak's plans and highlights the theme of God's sovereignty and faithfulness to His people.

How can I curse those whom God has not cursed?
This phrase is spoken by Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, who was hired by Balak, the king of Moab, to curse the Israelites. The context is significant as it highlights the sovereignty of God over human intentions. Despite Balak's desire to harm Israel, Balaam acknowledges that he cannot curse those whom God has blessed. This reflects the Abrahamic covenant in Genesis 12:3, where God promises to bless those who bless Abraham's descendants and curse those who curse them. It underscores the protection and favor God extends to His chosen people, Israel. Theologically, it emphasizes God's ultimate authority and the futility of opposing His will.

How can I denounce those whom the LORD has not denounced?
The repetition of the rhetorical question reinforces the idea that Balaam is powerless to speak against Israel if God has not decreed it. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His personal relationship with Israel. This phrase also highlights the theme of divine justice and righteousness, as God does not unjustly denounce or condemn. In a broader biblical context, it points to the idea that true judgment belongs to God alone, as seen in passages like Romans 8:33-34, where it is stated that no one can bring a charge against God's elect. This can also be seen as a type of Christ, who intercedes for believers, ensuring that no condemnation can stand against them.

For I see them from atop the rocky cliffs
This phrase indicates a vantage point of observation, suggesting a position of insight and revelation. In the biblical narrative, Balaam is speaking, and his position on the rocky cliffs symbolizes a place of divine perspective. The rocky cliffs could be associated with the high places often used for worship and sacrifices in ancient times, indicating a place where one might encounter the divine. This setting underscores the idea that Balaam's vision is not merely human but divinely inspired. The imagery of rocky cliffs also evokes the idea of strength and permanence, qualities attributed to God's people.

and I watch them from the hills
The hills provide a panoramic view, suggesting a comprehensive understanding of the people of Israel. In the ancient Near East, hills were often seen as places closer to the divine realm, reinforcing the notion of a prophetic vision. This phrase emphasizes the separation between the observer and the observed, highlighting the distinctiveness of Israel. The act of watching implies careful consideration and attention, suggesting that Israel's destiny is of significant interest to God and His prophets.

Behold, a people dwelling apart
This statement highlights the unique identity of Israel as a nation set apart by God. The concept of being "set apart" is central to Israel's covenant relationship with God, as seen in passages like Exodus 19:5-6, where Israel is described as a "kingdom of priests and a holy nation." This separateness is both a privilege and a responsibility, as Israel is called to live according to God's laws and serve as a witness to the nations. The idea of dwelling apart also foreshadows the New Testament concept of the Church as a distinct community in the world.

not reckoning themselves among the nations
This phrase underscores Israel's distinct identity and mission. Unlike other nations, Israel's identity is not based on political or military power but on their covenant relationship with God. This separation is both physical and spiritual, as Israel is called to be holy and distinct in their worship and lifestyle. The phrase also points to the prophetic future where Israel's role among the nations will be fulfilled in God's redemptive plan. This distinctiveness is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to be in the world but not of it (John 17:14-16).

Who can count the dust of Jacob
This phrase reflects the promise given to Abraham in Genesis 13:16, where God promised to make his descendants as numerous as the dust of the earth. It emphasizes the vastness and growth of the Israelite nation, which was a fulfillment of God's covenant. The imagery of "dust" signifies an innumerable multitude, highlighting God's blessing and faithfulness to His promises. This also connects to the idea of Israel's enduring legacy and God's sovereign plan for His chosen people.

or number even a fourth of Israel?
This part underscores the immense size and strength of the nation of Israel, suggesting that even a fraction of them is beyond human ability to count. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to multiply Abraham's descendants. The mention of "a fourth" may imply the division of the tribes or the vastness of the population, emphasizing the blessing and prosperity that God has bestowed upon Israel. This also serves as a reminder of God's power and the fulfillment of His promises.

Let me die the death of the righteous;
This phrase expresses a desire for a blessed and honorable end, akin to that of the righteous. In the Old Testament context, dying the death of the righteous implies being in right standing with God and receiving His favor. It reflects a longing for a legacy of faithfulness and integrity. The righteous are often associated with those who live according to God's laws and commands, and their death is seen as peaceful and honorable. This can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate righteousness found in Jesus Christ, who provides the way for believers to be counted as righteous before God.

let my end be like theirs!
The speaker desires an end similar to that of the righteous, which implies a hope for eternal reward and peace. In biblical terms, the end of the righteous is often associated with being gathered to one's people, as seen in the deaths of the patriarchs like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This reflects a hope for a legacy that aligns with God's will and a life that culminates in His blessing. It also points to the eschatological hope found in the New Testament, where believers in Christ are promised eternal life and a place in God's kingdom.

Then Balak said to Balaam
Balak, the king of Moab, is speaking to Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet. This interaction occurs during Israel's journey to the Promised Land. Balak, fearing the Israelites due to their numbers and recent victories, seeks Balaam's help to curse them. Balaam's presence highlights the belief in the power of spoken blessings and curses in the ancient Near East. This reflects the cultural and religious practices of the time, where kings often sought spiritual means to secure military success.

What have you done to me?
Balak's question reveals his frustration and disbelief. He hired Balaam with the expectation of a curse, not a blessing. This phrase underscores the tension between human plans and divine intervention. It also illustrates the theme of God's sovereignty, as God's will prevails despite human intentions. This echoes the biblical principle found in Proverbs 19:21, where human plans are subject to God's purposes.

I brought you here to curse my enemies
Balak's intent was clear: he wanted to use Balaam's reputed spiritual power to weaken Israel through a curse. This reflects the ancient belief in the efficacy of curses and blessings, which were thought to influence the physical and spiritual realms. The historical context shows that kings often employed prophets or seers to gain an advantage over their enemies, believing that divine favor or disfavor could determine the outcome of conflicts.

and behold, you have only blessed them!
Balaam's blessing instead of a curse is a direct result of God's intervention. Despite Balak's desires, Balaam can only speak what God commands. This highlights the theme of divine control over human affairs and the futility of opposing God's will. The blessing of Israel is consistent with God's covenant promises to Abraham, as seen in Genesis 12:3, where God promises to bless those who bless Abraham's descendants. This also foreshadows the ultimate blessing through Jesus Christ, a descendant of Israel, who brings salvation to all nations.

But Balaam replied
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is a complex figure in the biblical narrative. Known for his ability to bless and curse, he is summoned by Balak, the king of Moab, to curse Israel. Balaam's reply indicates his awareness of the divine authority he is under. This moment highlights the tension between human desires and divine will, a recurring theme in Scripture.

“Should I not speak
This rhetorical question underscores the prophet's obligation to convey only what God commands. It reflects the biblical principle that true prophecy is not subject to personal interpretation or manipulation (2 Peter 1:20-21). Balaam's statement serves as a reminder of the seriousness of speaking on behalf of God.

exactly what the LORD puts in my mouth?”
The phrase emphasizes the accuracy and fidelity required in delivering God's message. It echoes the biblical theme of divine inspiration, where prophets are seen as instruments of God's communication (Jeremiah 1:9). This also foreshadows the New Testament understanding of Jesus as the Word of God, who speaks only what the Father commands (John 12:49-50). Balaam's insistence on speaking only God's words contrasts with his later actions, where he succumbs to greed and leads Israel into sin (Numbers 31:16, Revelation 2:14). This duality in Balaam's character serves as a warning against the dangers of compromising divine truth for personal gain.

Then Balak said to him,
Balak, the king of Moab, is speaking to Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet. Balak's repeated attempts to have Israel cursed highlight his fear and desperation due to Israel's growing power and presence. This reflects the broader biblical theme of opposition to God's chosen people.

“Please come with me to another place
Balak's strategy involves changing locations, hoping a different vantage point might influence Balaam's ability to curse Israel. This reflects ancient beliefs in the power of place and ritual in divination practices. It also underscores Balak's misunderstanding of the true source of Balaam's prophetic words, which is God, not the location.

where you can see them.
Balak desires Balaam to have a visual of the Israelites, believing that seeing them might aid in cursing them. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice where sight and presence were thought to enhance the effectiveness of a curse or blessing.

You will only see the outskirts of their camp—not all of them.
Balak's plan is to limit Balaam's view to only a portion of the Israelite camp. This could suggest a tactical move to make the Israelites appear less formidable or to focus the curse on a specific part of the camp. It also highlights the vastness of the Israelite encampment, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham about his descendants being numerous.

And from there, curse them for me.”
Balak's insistence on cursing Israel reveals his ignorance of God's covenant with Israel, which includes blessings and protection. This request is ultimately futile, as God's will cannot be thwarted by human schemes. The narrative foreshadows the ultimate blessing that Balaam will pronounce, which aligns with God's promises to Israel. This also prefigures the New Testament understanding of Christ, who turns curses into blessings for those who are in Him.

So Balak took him to the field of Zophim
Balak, the king of Moab, is attempting to manipulate spiritual forces to curse Israel. The "field of Zophim" suggests a place of watching or observing, possibly a high vantage point. This location is significant as it indicates Balak's persistent efforts to find a place where Balaam's curse might be effective. The term "Zophim" can be linked to the Hebrew root for "watchers," suggesting a place where one might seek divine insight or revelation. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of seeking omens or signs from the gods.

to the top of Pisgah
Pisgah is a mountain range in Moab, often associated with Mount Nebo, from which Moses later views the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 34:1). This geographical detail underscores the strategic and spiritual significance of the location. Pisgah's height would provide a panoramic view, symbolizing the attempt to gain a comprehensive perspective on Israel. Theologically, it foreshadows Moses' own experience, highlighting the tension between divine promise and human opposition.

where he built seven altars
The number seven is significant in biblical numerology, often representing completeness or perfection. Building seven altars indicates an attempt to achieve a full or perfect offering, perhaps to ensure the effectiveness of the curse. This act reflects the pagan practice of multiplying sacrifices to appease or manipulate deities. It contrasts with the singular altar and sacrifice system established by God for Israel, emphasizing the futility of Balak's efforts against God's chosen people.

and offered a bull and a ram on each altar
The bull and ram are significant sacrificial animals in ancient Near Eastern and Israelite worship. Bulls were often associated with strength and fertility, while rams were linked to leadership and authority. Offering these animals on each altar suggests an attempt to invoke powerful spiritual forces. In Israelite tradition, these animals were also used in various offerings, including sin and peace offerings (Leviticus 9:3-4). This highlights the contrast between pagan practices and the divinely ordained sacrificial system of Israel. Theologically, it underscores the futility of Balak's actions, as true power and authority belong to God alone.

Balaam said to Balak
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is a complex figure who is both a diviner and a recipient of God's messages. His interactions with Balak, the king of Moab, highlight the tension between divine will and human ambition. Balak, fearing the Israelites, seeks Balaam's curse against them. This phrase sets the stage for a significant encounter where human plans are subject to divine intervention.

Stay here beside your burnt offering
Burnt offerings were a common practice in ancient Near Eastern religions, symbolizing devotion and seeking favor from deities. In the context of Israelite worship, burnt offerings were a means of atonement and dedication to God. Here, Balak's offering reflects his desire to manipulate divine favor, contrasting with the Israelite understanding of offerings as acts of obedience and worship.

while I meet the LORD over there
Balaam's intention to meet the LORD indicates a direct communication with the God of Israel, despite his pagan background. This encounter underscores the sovereignty of God, who can use even those outside the covenant community to fulfill His purposes. The phrase suggests a physical separation, emphasizing the holiness and distinctiveness of God's presence. It also foreshadows the unfolding narrative where God's will prevails over human schemes, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God's ultimate authority and the futility of opposing His plans.

And the LORD met with Balaam
This phrase indicates a divine encounter, emphasizing God's sovereignty and ability to communicate with individuals outside of Israel. Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is an unusual choice, highlighting God's control over all nations. This meeting underscores the theme of God's direct intervention in human affairs, similar to His interactions with other prophets like Moses (Exodus 3:4).

and put a message in his mouth
This reflects the concept of divine inspiration, where God directly influences the words of a prophet. It parallels instances where God gives His words to prophets, such as Jeremiah (Jeremiah 1:9). This ensures that Balaam's prophecy is not of his own making but is divinely ordained, reinforcing the authority and truth of the message.

saying, “Return to Balak
The instruction to return to Balak, the Moabite king, highlights the ongoing narrative of Balak's attempts to curse Israel. This reflects the historical tension between Israel and surrounding nations. Balak's repeated efforts to manipulate divine will contrast with God's unchanging purpose to bless Israel, as seen in the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:3).

and speak what I tell you.”
This command emphasizes obedience to God's word, a central theme in the prophetic tradition. It underscores the importance of delivering God's message accurately, as seen in the warnings to prophets like Ezekiel (Ezekiel 2:7). This also foreshadows the ultimate fulfillment of God's word through Jesus Christ, who perfectly spoke the words of the Father (John 12:49-50).

So he returned to Balak
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, returns to Balak, the king of Moab. This encounter is part of a larger narrative where Balak seeks to curse the Israelites. The return signifies Balaam's role as a mediator between God and Balak, highlighting the tension between divine will and human desire. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty over nations.

who was standing there by his burnt offering
Balak's position by the burnt offering indicates his attempt to secure divine favor through sacrifice. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, burnt offerings were common practices to appease deities. This setting underscores the contrast between pagan rituals and the worship of Yahweh, who cannot be manipulated by human actions.

with the princes of Moab
The presence of Moabite princes emphasizes the political and social stakes involved. Moab, a nation descended from Lot, often had contentious relations with Israel. The gathering of princes suggests a united front against the perceived threat of Israel, highlighting the geopolitical dynamics of the time.

“What did the LORD say?” Balak asked.
Balak's inquiry reveals his recognition of Yahweh's power, despite his own polytheistic beliefs. This question underscores the theme of divine communication and revelation, as seen throughout the Bible. It also foreshadows the unfolding of God's unchangeable blessing upon Israel, despite Balak's intentions.

Then Balaam lifted up an oracle, saying:
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is known for his unique role in the narrative of Numbers. His oracles are significant as they are divinely inspired messages delivered to Balak, the king of Moab. The term "oracle" indicates a solemn pronouncement, often associated with divine revelation. Balaam's oracles are unique as they come from a prophet outside of Israel, yet they affirm God's sovereignty and His plans for Israel. This moment underscores the theme that God can use anyone to fulfill His purposes, even those outside the covenant community.

Arise, O Balak, and listen;
Balak, the king of Moab, is instructed to "arise" and "listen," emphasizing the importance and urgency of the message. The command to "arise" suggests a need for attention and respect towards the divine message. In the cultural context, kings were often seen as powerful and authoritative, yet here, Balak is reminded of his position under the authority of God's word. This reflects the biblical principle that all earthly rulers are subject to God's ultimate authority.

give ear to me, O son of Zippor.
The phrase "give ear" is a call for attentive listening, indicating that what follows is of great importance. By addressing Balak as the "son of Zippor," the text personalizes the message, reminding Balak of his identity and lineage. This can be seen as a humbling reminder that despite his royal status, he is still a man under God's dominion. The use of lineage also connects to the broader biblical theme of generational legacy and the impact of one's actions on future generations.

God is not a man, that He should lie
This phrase emphasizes the divine nature of God, contrasting it with human fallibility. In biblical context, humans are often depicted as prone to deceit and sin (Jeremiah 17:9). God's nature is inherently truthful and faithful (Titus 1:2). This distinction is crucial in understanding the reliability of God's promises, as seen in the covenant with Abraham (Genesis 15).

or a son of man, that He should change His mind
The term "son of man" is used to denote humanity, emphasizing human limitations and changeability. In contrast, God's immutability is highlighted here (Malachi 3:6). This phrase reassures believers of God's steadfastness, as seen in His unchanging nature throughout the Old Testament, such as His consistent deliverance of Israel (Exodus 3:7-8).

Does He speak and not act?
This rhetorical question underscores God's faithfulness in action. When God speaks, His words are powerful and effective (Isaiah 55:11). Historical examples include the fulfillment of prophecies, such as the deliverance from Egypt (Exodus 12:41) and the coming of the Messiah (Isaiah 7:14, Matthew 1:22-23).

Does He promise and not fulfill?
This phrase assures the fulfillment of God's promises, a central theme in Scripture. The Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:1-3) and its fulfillment in the nation of Israel and ultimately in Jesus Christ (Galatians 3:16) serve as key examples. God's faithfulness is a cornerstone of biblical theology, providing hope and assurance to believers.

I have indeed received a command to bless;
This phrase is spoken by Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, who was hired by Balak, the king of Moab, to curse the Israelites. The context is significant as it highlights the sovereignty of God over human intentions. Despite Balak's desire to harm Israel, God commands Balaam to bless them instead. This demonstrates God's protective hand over His chosen people and His ability to use even those outside the covenant community to fulfill His purposes. The command to bless reflects God's unchanging promise to Abraham that his descendants would be blessed (Genesis 12:2-3).

He has blessed,
The blessing here refers to God's favor and protection over Israel. This is consistent with the Abrahamic Covenant, where God promised to bless those who bless Abraham's descendants and curse those who curse them. Theologically, this underscores the idea that God's blessings are irrevocable and not subject to human manipulation. It also points to the concept of divine election, where God chooses to bless whom He wills, independent of human actions or desires.

and I cannot change it.
Balaam acknowledges the futility of opposing God's will. This phrase emphasizes the immutability of God's decrees. In the broader biblical narrative, it reflects the theme that God's purposes cannot be thwarted by human schemes. This is echoed in other scriptures, such as Isaiah 14:27, which states that no one can annul what God has purposed. Theologically, it points to the sovereignty of God and His ultimate control over history. This also prefigures the New Testament understanding of Jesus Christ as the ultimate fulfillment of God's blessings, which cannot be altered or revoked by human actions.

He considers no disaster for Jacob;
This phrase indicates God's protective stance towards Israel, often referred to as Jacob, highlighting His covenantal faithfulness. In the context of Numbers 23, Balaam is speaking under divine inspiration, and his words reflect God's perspective. The term "disaster" can be understood as calamity or misfortune, which God does not foresee for His chosen people at this time. This aligns with the Abrahamic covenant in Genesis 12:2-3, where God promises to bless those who bless Israel and curse those who curse them. Historically, this reflects the period of Israel's journey through the wilderness, where despite their disobedience, God remained committed to His promises.

He sees no trouble for Israel.
This phrase emphasizes God's perception of Israel as being free from trouble, despite their frequent rebellions and complaints during the wilderness journey. It underscores the idea of divine grace, where God chooses to overlook their transgressions because of His covenant. This can be connected to the concept of atonement and forgiveness found throughout the Old Testament, such as in Leviticus 16 with the Day of Atonement. Theologically, it points to the future work of Christ, who would ultimately bear the sins of humanity, allowing God to see believers as righteous.

The LORD their God is with them,
This statement affirms God's presence with Israel, a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch. The divine presence is symbolized by the tabernacle, which traveled with the Israelites, and the pillar of cloud and fire that guided them. This assurance of God's presence is foundational to Israel's identity and mission. It echoes the promise given to Moses in Exodus 3:12 and later to Joshua in Joshua 1:5. In a broader biblical context, this foreshadows the incarnation of Christ, "Immanuel," meaning "God with us" (Matthew 1:23).

and the shout of the King is among them.
This phrase suggests a victorious and celebratory atmosphere, with God being recognized as the sovereign King of Israel. The "shout" can be seen as a war cry or a proclamation of triumph, indicating God's active role in leading and defending His people. This imagery is reminiscent of the victory shouts in battles led by God, such as the fall of Jericho in Joshua 6. Prophetically, it points to the messianic expectation of a coming King, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is hailed as King in the New Testament (John 12:13). The presence of the King among His people is a theme that culminates in the eschatological hope of God's eternal reign with His people in Revelation 21:3.

God brought them out of Egypt
This phrase refers to the historical event of the Exodus, where God delivered the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. This event is foundational in the Old Testament, symbolizing God's power and faithfulness. It is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing God's role as a deliverer. The Exodus is also a type of Christ's redemptive work, as Jesus delivers believers from the bondage of sin. The event is celebrated annually in the Jewish Passover, which Jesus reinterpreted at the Last Supper.

with strength like a wild ox
The comparison to a wild ox highlights God's immense power and might in delivering Israel. The wild ox, or "reem" in Hebrew, is often associated with strength and untamed power. This imagery underscores the idea that God's intervention was not only powerful but also unstoppable. The wild ox is a symbol of strength and virility, suggesting that God's power is both protective and aggressive against Israel's enemies. This strength is echoed in other scriptures, such as Psalm 92:10, where the psalmist speaks of being exalted like a wild ox, indicating divine empowerment.

For there is no spell against Jacob
This phrase emphasizes the divine protection over the nation of Israel, represented by Jacob. In the ancient Near East, sorcery and spells were common practices used to curse or harm enemies. However, God’s covenant with Jacob (Israel) ensures that no magical or spiritual force can prevail against them. This reflects God's promise to Abraham in Genesis 12:3, where He declares that He will bless those who bless Israel and curse those who curse them. The protection is not due to Israel's own strength but because of God's sovereign will and His faithfulness to His promises.

and no divination against Israel.
Divination was a practice used to seek knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means. In the context of Numbers 23, Balaam, a prophet hired by Balak, king of Moab, attempts to curse Israel through divination. However, God intervenes, demonstrating His control over all spiritual realms and His commitment to Israel's welfare. This phrase underscores the futility of any attempt to use divination against God's chosen people. It also highlights the theme of God's omnipotence and His ability to thwart human plans, as seen in Isaiah 54:17, where it is stated that no weapon formed against God's people will prosper.

It will now be said of Jacob and Israel,
This anticipates a future recognition of God's mighty works on behalf of Israel. The repetition of "Jacob" and "Israel" emphasizes the continuity of God's promises from the patriarch Jacob to the nation of Israel. It suggests a testimony that will be acknowledged by others, reflecting the idea that God's actions on behalf of His people will be so evident that they will be spoken of widely. This is reminiscent of the Exodus narrative, where God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt became known among the nations (Joshua 2:10).

‘What great things God has done!’
This exclamation points to the miraculous and mighty acts of God in the history of Israel. It is a declaration of praise and recognition of God's intervention and blessings. The phrase echoes the sentiment found in Psalm 126:3, where the psalmist declares, "The LORD has done great things for us, and we are filled with joy." It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance and redemption found in Jesus Christ, who fulfills the promises made to Israel and extends God's blessings to all nations. This acknowledgment of God's deeds serves as a reminder of His faithfulness and the assurance that His purposes will be accomplished.

Behold, the people rise like a lioness;
This phrase emphasizes the strength and vigor of the Israelites. The lioness is a symbol of power and ferocity, often used in ancient Near Eastern cultures to represent might and dominance. In the biblical context, this imagery underscores the divine empowerment of Israel as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The lioness rising suggests an awakening or mobilization, indicating that the Israelites are ready to take action under God's guidance. This can be connected to the promises given to the patriarchs, such as in Genesis 49:9, where Judah is likened to a lion, foreshadowing the tribe's leadership and strength.

they rouse themselves like a lion,
The lion is a symbol of royalty and authority, often associated with kingship in the ancient world. This phrase suggests self-motivation and readiness for battle, highlighting the Israelites' confidence and determination. The lion's rousing can be seen as a metaphor for Israel's preparation to fulfill God's promises. This imagery is also prophetic, pointing to the future Messiah, Jesus Christ, who is referred to as the Lion of the tribe of Judah in Revelation 5:5, symbolizing His ultimate authority and victory.

not resting until they devour their prey
This part of the verse speaks to the relentless pursuit and determination of the Israelites. The imagery of not resting until the prey is devoured indicates a complete and thorough victory, which is assured by God's promise. Historically, this reflects the numerous battles Israel would face in conquering Canaan, where they were often outnumbered but victorious through divine intervention. This relentless pursuit can also be seen as a type of Christ's mission, who did not rest until He accomplished the work of salvation.

and drink the blood of the slain.”
Drinking the blood of the slain is a vivid image of total conquest and victory. In ancient warfare, this phrase would symbolize the complete defeat of enemies. Culturally, it reflects the practices of the time where victory was often celebrated with feasting and spoils. Biblically, this can be seen as a foreshadowing of the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ. The imagery also connects to the sacrificial system, where blood was a significant element, pointing to Christ's sacrifice and the new covenant in His blood, as mentioned in Matthew 26:28.

Now Balak said to Balaam
Balak, the king of Moab, is a central figure in this narrative. He represents the political and military power of Moab, a nation that felt threatened by the Israelites' presence. Balak's engagement with Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, highlights the ancient Near Eastern practice of seeking divine intervention through seers or prophets. This interaction underscores the tension between the Moabites and Israelites, as Balak seeks to use spiritual means to combat a perceived physical threat.

“Then neither curse them at all
Balak's request for Balaam to refrain from cursing the Israelites reflects his frustration and desperation. Despite Balak's desire to weaken Israel through a curse, God's sovereignty is evident as He prevents Balaam from speaking against His chosen people. This phrase illustrates the futility of opposing God's will and serves as a reminder of God's protection over Israel. Theologically, it emphasizes the theme of divine blessing and curse, which is prevalent throughout the Pentateuch, particularly in the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:3).

nor bless them at all!”
Balak's insistence that Balaam also refrain from blessing the Israelites reveals his fear that any positive pronouncement could further empower them. This highlights the belief in the power of spoken words and blessings in the ancient world. Theologically, it underscores the idea that blessings and curses are ultimately under God's control. This phrase can be connected to the broader biblical theme of God's irrevocable blessings, as seen in the promises to Abraham and his descendants. It also foreshadows the New Testament understanding of Jesus Christ as the ultimate source of blessing for all nations (Galatians 3:14).

But Balaam replied
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is a complex figure in the biblical narrative. Known for his ability to bless and curse, he is summoned by Balak, the king of Moab, to curse Israel. Balaam's reply here is part of a larger dialogue where he consistently emphasizes his obligation to speak only what God commands. This highlights the tension between human desires and divine will, a recurring theme in Scripture.

Did I not tell you
Balaam reminds Balak of his previous warnings. This phrase underscores the importance of prophetic integrity and the consistency of God's message. It reflects the biblical principle that true prophecy aligns with God's will and cannot be manipulated by human intentions, as seen in Deuteronomy 18:18-22.

that whatever the LORD says
The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the covenant name of God, emphasizing His sovereignty and authority. Balaam acknowledges that his prophetic gift is subject to the divine will of the God of Israel, not the pagan deities of Moab. This acknowledgment is significant in the context of the ancient Near East, where multiple gods were often invoked for personal gain.

I must do
Balaam's statement reflects a recognition of divine authority over human actions. This obedience to God's command is a theme echoed throughout Scripture, such as in the lives of the prophets like Jeremiah and Isaiah, who also faced pressure to conform to human expectations but remained faithful to God's word. It also prefigures the ultimate obedience of Jesus Christ, who declared in John 5:30, "I seek not to please myself but him who sent me."

“Please come,” said Balak,
Balak, the king of Moab, is speaking here. His desperation is evident as he seeks to manipulate the situation to his advantage. Balak's repeated attempts to curse Israel highlight his fear and recognition of Israel's power, which is rooted in God's blessing. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the futility of opposing God's will. Balak's actions are driven by political and military concerns, as the Israelites' presence threatens his kingdom.

“I will take you to another place.”
Balak's strategy involves changing locations, hoping that a different setting might influence the outcome. This reflects ancient beliefs in the power of specific places and altars to affect divine will. The idea that a change in location could alter God's decision underscores a misunderstanding of God's nature, who is not bound by geography. This also illustrates the pagan practices of the time, where location and ritual were thought to sway the gods.

Perhaps it will please God
Balak's use of "perhaps" indicates uncertainty and a lack of understanding of the God of Israel. Unlike the capricious deities of the surrounding nations, the God of Israel is consistent and unchanging. This phrase highlights the contrast between pagan beliefs and the monotheistic faith of Israel. Balak's hope that God might change His mind shows a misunderstanding of God's covenant faithfulness to Israel.

that you curse them for me from there.”
The desire for a curse reflects the ancient belief in the power of spoken words to affect reality. In the biblical context, blessings and curses are significant, as seen in the covenantal blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy. Balak's request is ultimately futile, as God's promises to Israel cannot be overturned by human schemes. This also foreshadows the New Testament understanding of Jesus Christ, who transforms the curse of sin into a blessing for believers through His redemptive work.

And Balak took Balaam
Balak, the king of Moab, is a central figure in this narrative, seeking to use Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, to curse the Israelites. This reflects the historical tension between Moab and Israel. Balak's actions demonstrate the fear and desperation of Moab in the face of Israel's growing power. Balaam, though a prophet, is portrayed as a complex character who is swayed by material gain, highlighting the theme of divine sovereignty over human intentions.

to the top of Peor
Peor is a mountain or high place in Moab, often associated with pagan worship. High places were commonly used in ancient Near Eastern cultures for religious rituals, as they were believed to be closer to the gods. This setting underscores the spiritual conflict between the God of Israel and the pagan deities. The choice of Peor may also foreshadow the later incident of Israelite idolatry with Baal of Peor, as recorded in Numbers 25, emphasizing the ongoing struggle against idolatry.

which overlooks the wasteland
The wasteland refers to the desert or wilderness area surrounding the region. This geographical detail highlights the isolation and desolation of the setting, which contrasts with the fertility of the Promised Land. It serves as a reminder of Israel's journey through the wilderness and God's provision during that time. The imagery of the wasteland can also symbolize spiritual barrenness, contrasting with the blessings and life found in obedience to God.

Then Balaam said
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is a complex figure in the biblical narrative. He is known for his interactions with Balak, the king of Moab, who sought to curse Israel. Balaam's story highlights the tension between divine will and human intentions. His role as a prophet, despite not being an Israelite, underscores God's sovereignty over all nations and peoples.

Build for me seven altars here
The number seven is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing completeness or perfection. The construction of seven altars suggests a desire to fully engage with the divine, possibly to ensure that the sacrifices are acceptable to God. Altars were central to worship and sacrifice in the ancient Near East, serving as a point of contact between the divine and human realms.

and prepare for me seven bulls and seven rams
Bulls and rams were common sacrificial animals in the ancient world, often associated with atonement and appeasement. The use of these specific animals may reflect an attempt to offer a significant and valuable sacrifice to gain favor or insight from God. This act of sacrifice is reminiscent of other biblical instances where offerings are made to seek divine guidance or intervention, such as in the story of Job, who offered sacrifices for his children (Job 1:5). The repetition of the number seven reinforces the idea of completeness in the sacrificial act.

So Balak did as Balaam had instructed
Balak, the king of Moab, follows the instructions of Balaam, a prophet known for his ability to bless and curse. This obedience highlights Balak's desperation to curse the Israelites, who were encamped on the plains of Moab. The historical context shows the fear and anxiety of the Moabites as they faced the advancing Israelites. This act of following Balaam's instructions also reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of seeking divine favor through prophetic intermediaries.

and he offered a bull and a ram on each altar
The offering of a bull and a ram on each altar is significant in the context of ancient sacrificial practices. Bulls and rams were considered valuable sacrifices, often associated with seeking favor or appeasement from deities. This act of sacrifice is consistent with the Levitical laws found in the Pentateuch, where bulls and rams are frequently mentioned as offerings (Leviticus 1:3-9, 8:18-21). Theologically, this can be seen as a futile attempt to manipulate divine will, contrasting with the biblical theme that true worship and obedience to God cannot be bought or coerced. The use of multiple altars indicates the seriousness and intensity of Balak's desire to secure a curse against Israel, yet it also foreshadows the futility of opposing God's chosen people, as seen in the broader narrative of Numbers 22-24.