In the twelfth year of the reign of Ahaz over Judah
This phrase sets the historical context for the events described. Ahaz was the king of Judah, the southern kingdom, known for his idolatrous practices and alliance with Assyria (2 Kings 16:7-9). His reign is marked by spiritual decline, which contrasts with the northern kingdom's own struggles. The twelfth year of Ahaz's reign provides a chronological marker, situating the events around 732 BC. This period was tumultuous for both kingdoms, with external threats and internal corruption.

Hoshea son of Elah became king of Israel
Hoshea's ascension to the throne marks the beginning of the end for the northern kingdom of Israel. He was the last king of Israel before its fall to Assyria. His father, Elah, is not widely mentioned, indicating that Hoshea may have come from a less prominent family. Hoshea's rise to power was likely influenced by political instability and the assassination of his predecessor, Pekah (2 Kings 15:30). This reflects the chaotic nature of Israel's leadership during this period.

and he reigned in Samaria nine years
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri (1 Kings 16:24). It was a significant city both politically and religiously, often associated with idolatry and syncretism. Hoshea's nine-year reign was marked by attempts to navigate the pressures from the Assyrian Empire. Despite his efforts, including paying tribute to Assyria, his reign ended with the capture of Samaria and the exile of the Israelites (2 Kings 17:6). This event fulfilled prophecies of judgment against Israel for their persistent idolatry and disobedience (2 Kings 17:7-23).

And he did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase indicates that the actions of the king were judged by God's standards, not human ones. The "sight of the LORD" suggests divine omniscience and moral authority. The evil mentioned here refers to idolatry and disobedience to God's commandments, which were prevalent in the Northern Kingdom of Israel. This aligns with the Deuteronomic history theme, where obedience leads to blessing and disobedience to judgment. The phrase echoes the recurring assessment of Israelite kings, emphasizing the covenantal relationship between God and Israel.

but not like the kings of Israel who preceded him
This part of the verse suggests a comparative assessment. While the king did evil, his actions were not as egregious as those of his predecessors. The kings before him, such as Ahab, were notorious for their idolatry and leading Israel into sin, particularly through the worship of Baal and other Canaanite deities. This distinction may imply a lesser degree of idolatry or a different form of disobedience. It highlights the progressive nature of sin in Israel's history, where each king's actions are weighed against those who came before. This comparison also serves as a reminder of the cumulative effect of sin and the importance of repentance and returning to the covenant with God.

Shalmaneser king of Assyria attacked him
Shalmaneser V was the king of Assyria from 727 to 722 BC. Assyria was a dominant empire known for its military prowess and expansionist policies. The Assyrian Empire, located in what is now northern Iraq, was a significant power in the ancient Near East. Shalmaneser's attack on Israel was part of Assyria's broader strategy to control the region. This event marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, leading to the eventual fall of Samaria and the northern kingdom. The Assyrian policy of deportation and resettlement was a tool to prevent rebellion and assimilate conquered peoples, which would later be seen in the exile of the Israelites.

and Hoshea became his vassal
Hoshea was the last king of Israel, reigning from approximately 732 to 722 BC. Becoming a vassal meant that Hoshea was subject to Assyrian authority, required to pay tribute, and had limited autonomy. This vassalage was a common practice in the ancient Near East, where weaker states would submit to stronger empires to avoid destruction. Hoshea's submission to Assyria was a political move to maintain his throne and the survival of his kingdom, albeit temporarily. This situation reflects the broader theme of Israel's reliance on foreign powers rather than trusting in God, a recurring issue highlighted by the prophets.

and paid him tribute
Paying tribute involved giving a regular payment of goods, money, or resources to a superior power as a sign of submission and to ensure protection. For Israel, this tribute was likely a heavy burden, straining the nation's resources and economy. The payment of tribute is mentioned in other biblical contexts, such as in 2 Kings 15:19-20, where Menahem paid tribute to Pul, king of Assyria. This act of tribute underscores the political and economic pressures faced by Israel and serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's covenant. The prophets often warned against alliances with foreign nations, urging reliance on God instead.

But the king of Assyria discovered that Hoshea had conspired
Hoshea, the last king of Israel, ruled during a tumultuous period marked by political instability and foreign domination. The "king of Assyria" refers to Shalmaneser V, who reigned from 727 to 722 BC. Assyria was a dominant empire, and its kings were known for their military prowess and expansionist policies. The term "discovered" implies espionage or intelligence gathering, common practices in ancient Near Eastern politics. Conspiracy against a suzerain was a serious offense, often leading to severe repercussions.

to send envoys to King So of Egypt
King So is likely a reference to Osorkon IV, a lesser-known pharaoh of Egypt's 22nd Dynasty. Egypt, though weakened, was still seen as a potential ally against Assyrian dominance. Sending envoys indicates a diplomatic effort to form an alliance, a common strategy for smaller states seeking to resist larger empires. This act of seeking Egyptian support reflects Israel's desperation and the geopolitical dynamics of the region, where Egypt and Assyria were often in opposition.

and that he had not paid tribute to the king of Assyria as in previous years
Tribute was a form of taxation imposed by a dominant power on a vassal state, symbolizing submission and ensuring protection. Hoshea's failure to pay tribute was a direct violation of his obligations, signaling rebellion. This act of defiance was not just political but also had religious implications, as it demonstrated a lack of trust in God's provision and protection, contrasting with the covenantal faithfulness expected of Israel.

Therefore the king of Assyria arrested Hoshea and put him in prison
The arrest and imprisonment of Hoshea marked the end of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Assyrian kings were known for their harsh treatment of rebellious vassals, often using imprisonment as a means to assert control and deter further insubordination. This event led to the Assyrian conquest of Samaria and the subsequent exile of the Israelites, fulfilling prophecies of judgment due to Israel's persistent idolatry and covenant unfaithfulness. The fall of Israel serves as a somber reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, a theme echoed throughout the prophetic literature.

Then the king of Assyria invaded the whole land
The king of Assyria at this time was Shalmaneser V, who reigned from 727 to 722 BC. This invasion marks a significant moment in Israel's history, as it represents the culmination of a series of Assyrian campaigns against the Northern Kingdom. The "whole land" refers to the territory of Israel, indicating a comprehensive military campaign. This invasion was a fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Hosea and Amos, who had foretold the consequences of Israel's persistent idolatry and disobedience to God.

marched up to Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. It was strategically located on a hill, making it a formidable fortress. The phrase "marched up" suggests a deliberate and determined military advance. Samaria's significance is underscored by its repeated mention in the prophetic literature as a center of idolatry and corruption. The city's fall would symbolize the collapse of the Northern Kingdom.

and besieged it for three years
The siege of Samaria lasted from 725 to 722 BC, a prolonged period that indicates the city's initial resilience. A siege in ancient times involved surrounding a city to cut off supplies and force surrender. This three-year siege reflects the severity of the Assyrian campaign and the desperation of Samaria's inhabitants. The number three often symbolizes completeness in the Bible, suggesting the totality of God's judgment on Israel. The fall of Samaria fulfilled prophecies of destruction due to Israel's covenant unfaithfulness, as seen in Deuteronomy 28:49-52.

In the ninth year of Hoshea
Hoshea was the last king of Israel, reigning from approximately 732 to 722 BC. His reign marked the end of the Northern Kingdom, which had been established after the division of the united monarchy following Solomon's reign. The ninth year of Hoshea's reign corresponds to the year 722 BC, a pivotal moment in Israel's history when the Assyrian Empire completed its conquest of the Northern Kingdom.

the king of Assyria captured Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The Assyrian king at this time was Shalmaneser V, although it is often believed that his successor, Sargon II, completed the siege. The capture of Samaria was a significant event, as it marked the fall of the Northern Kingdom and the fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Amos and Hosea about the consequences of Israel's idolatry and disobedience.

and carried away the Israelites to Assyria
The deportation of the Israelites was a common Assyrian practice designed to prevent rebellion by displacing conquered peoples. This event is known as the Assyrian Exile and resulted in the loss of the ten northern tribes, often referred to as the "Lost Tribes of Israel." This exile was a direct consequence of Israel's failure to adhere to the covenant with God, as repeatedly warned by the prophets.

where he settled them in Halah, in Gozan by the Habor River, and in the cities of the Medes
Halah, Gozan, and the Habor River are locations within the Assyrian Empire, situated in what is now modern-day northern Iraq and Syria. The cities of the Medes refer to areas controlled by the Medes, an ancient Iranian people. This dispersion fulfilled the warnings of dispersion found in Deuteronomy 28:64. The relocation to these regions was part of the Assyrian strategy to integrate and control conquered peoples by scattering them across the empire, thus diluting their national identity and reducing the likelihood of rebellion.

All this happened because the people of Israel had sinned against the LORD their God
This phrase refers to the events leading to the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel to Assyria in 722 BC. The "sin" mentioned is primarily idolatry, which violated the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). The covenant relationship between God and Israel was based on exclusive worship and obedience. The repeated sinning against God led to divine judgment, as outlined in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are contingent on Israel's faithfulness.

who had brought them out of the land of Egypt
This recalls the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing God's deliverance and faithfulness. The Exodus is frequently referenced throughout the Old Testament as a reminder of God's power and covenantal love (Exodus 20:2). It underscores the gravity of Israel's sin, as they turned away from the God who had miraculously saved them.

from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt
Pharaoh represents oppression and bondage, from which God liberated Israel. This liberation is a type of Christ's deliverance of humanity from sin (John 8:34-36). The historical context of Egyptian dominance highlights the miraculous nature of Israel's escape, emphasizing God's sovereignty over nations and rulers.

They had worshiped other gods
This phrase highlights the primary sin of idolatry, which was rampant in the ancient Near East. The worship of Baal and Asherah, among others, was common in Israel despite God's clear commands against it (Deuteronomy 6:14). This idolatry was not just a religious failure but a breach of the covenant, leading to Israel's downfall. The prophets, such as Hosea and Amos, repeatedly warned against this practice, calling Israel to repentance and faithfulness to Yahweh.

and walked in the customs of the nations
This phrase indicates that the Israelites adopted the practices and traditions of the surrounding pagan nations. Historically, these customs often included idolatry, child sacrifice, and other practices detestable to the LORD. The Israelites were explicitly warned against such assimilation in passages like Deuteronomy 18:9-12, where God commands them not to imitate the detestable ways of the nations they were to dispossess.

that the LORD had driven out before the Israelites
This refers to the Canaanite nations that God had previously expelled from the land to make way for the Israelites. The conquest of Canaan, as described in the book of Joshua, was a divine judgment against the Canaanites for their wickedness. The Israelites' adoption of these customs is seen as a reversal of God's intended order and a failure to remain distinct as His chosen people.

as well as in the practices introduced by the kings of Israel
The kings of Israel, particularly from the northern kingdom, often led the people into idolatry and syncretism. Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom, set up golden calves in Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30) to prevent his people from worshiping in Jerusalem. This set a precedent for subsequent kings, who continued to introduce and endorse practices contrary to the worship of Yahweh. This phrase highlights the compounded sin of the Israelites, as they not only adopted foreign customs but also followed the corrupt leadership of their own kings.

The Israelites secretly did things against the LORD their God that were not right.
This phrase highlights the Israelites' disobedience and idolatry, which they attempted to conceal. The secrecy suggests a recognition of wrongdoing, yet a willful persistence in sin. This behavior is reminiscent of Adam and Eve hiding from God in Genesis 3:8. The Israelites' actions violated the covenant established at Sinai (Exodus 19-24), where they were commanded to worship the LORD alone. Their secretive actions reflect a heart turned away from God, as seen in Jeremiah 17:9, which speaks of the deceitfulness of the heart. This disobedience ultimately led to the Assyrian exile, fulfilling the warnings given in Deuteronomy 28:15-68.

From watchtower to fortified city,
This phrase indicates the widespread nature of the Israelites' idolatry, covering the entire land from rural outposts to major urban centers. Watchtowers were used for agricultural oversight and defense, while fortified cities were centers of power and security. The phrase suggests that no part of the land was free from idolatry, echoing the pervasive sin described in Genesis 6:5. The geographical spread of idolatry underscores the systemic nature of Israel's rebellion against God, which was not limited to isolated incidents but was a national issue.

they built high places in all their cities.
High places were elevated sites used for worship, often associated with pagan rituals and deities. Despite God's command to destroy such places (Deuteronomy 12:2-3), the Israelites constructed them throughout their cities, indicating a direct violation of divine law. These high places became centers of syncretism, where the worship of Yahweh was mixed with Canaanite practices, as seen in 1 Kings 14:23. The construction of high places reflects a departure from centralized worship in Jerusalem, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 12:5-14, and symbolizes the spiritual adultery of Israel. This idolatry is a type of the ultimate rejection of God, which finds its resolution in Christ, who is the true temple and the fulfillment of all worship (John 2:19-21).

They set up for themselves sacred pillars
In ancient Israel, sacred pillars, or "masseboth," were often erected as part of pagan worship practices. These pillars were typically stone monuments that symbolized the presence of a deity. The Israelites were explicitly commanded not to set up such pillars (Deuteronomy 16:22), as they were associated with Canaanite religious practices. The use of these pillars indicates a departure from the worship of Yahweh and a return to idolatry, reflecting the influence of surrounding pagan cultures.

and Asherah poles
Asherah poles were wooden symbols representing the goddess Asherah, a consort of the Canaanite god El or Baal. The presence of these poles highlights the syncretism that had infiltrated Israelite worship, blending the worship of Yahweh with Canaanite fertility rites. The Israelites were repeatedly warned against such practices (Exodus 34:13; Deuteronomy 7:5), as they led to spiritual adultery and a breach of the covenant with God.

on every high hill
High places were commonly used in ancient Near Eastern religions for worship, as they were believed to be closer to the gods. The Israelites adopted this practice, despite God's command to worship only at the designated place He chose (Deuteronomy 12:2-5). The use of high hills for idolatrous worship signifies a widespread and systemic rebellion against God's instructions, as these locations were often associated with pagan rituals.

and under every green tree
The phrase "under every green tree" is a recurring biblical expression denoting idolatrous worship practices (Jeremiah 2:20; Ezekiel 6:13). Green trees, often evergreen, symbolized fertility and life, making them attractive sites for pagan worship. This practice reflects the Israelites' abandonment of exclusive worship of Yahweh, as they sought to incorporate elements of nature worship prevalent among their neighbors. The widespread nature of this idolatry underscores the depth of Israel's spiritual decline.

They burned incense on all the high places
The practice of burning incense on high places was common among the Canaanite nations and was adopted by the Israelites despite God's clear commands against it (Deuteronomy 12:2-4). High places were often elevated sites used for worship, typically associated with pagan rituals. The Israelites' use of these sites indicates a syncretism with surrounding cultures, directly violating the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). Archaeological evidence from sites like Megiddo and Gezer shows altars and incense stands, confirming the widespread nature of this practice.

like the nations that the LORD had driven out before them
This phrase refers to the Canaanite nations that inhabited the land before the Israelites. God had commanded the Israelites to destroy these nations because of their abominable practices (Deuteronomy 9:4-5). The Israelites' imitation of these nations' idolatrous practices was a direct disobedience to God's commands and a failure to remain distinct as His chosen people. This behavior fulfilled the warnings given in Leviticus 18:24-28, where God warned that the land would "vomit out" its inhabitants due to such practices.

They did wicked things
The term "wicked things" encompasses a range of idolatrous and immoral activities, including child sacrifice, sexual immorality, and other detestable acts associated with pagan worship (2 Kings 16:3; 2 Kings 21:6). These actions were not only violations of the Mosaic Law but also affronts to the holiness of God. The prophets frequently condemned these practices, calling the people to repentance (Jeremiah 7:9-10).

provoking the LORD to anger
The Israelites' actions provoked God's righteous anger, a recurring theme in the Old Testament. God's anger is not capricious but a response to covenant unfaithfulness and moral corruption (Deuteronomy 32:16-21). This anger led to divine judgment, as seen in the eventual Assyrian conquest and exile of the Northern Kingdom (2 Kings 17:6). The concept of provoking God to anger is also a warning to future generations, emphasizing the need for obedience and faithfulness (Hebrews 3:7-11).

They served idols
The Israelites engaged in idol worship, which was a direct violation of the first two commandments given by God (Exodus 20:3-4). This practice was prevalent among the surrounding nations, such as the Canaanites, whose religious customs included the worship of Baal and Asherah. Archaeological findings, such as altars and figurines, confirm the widespread nature of these practices in ancient Israel. The Israelites' adoption of idolatry reflects a recurring theme of spiritual adultery, where they turned away from their covenant relationship with Yahweh to follow the gods of the nations around them.

although the LORD had told them
God had repeatedly warned the Israelites against idolatry through His prophets and the Law. Deuteronomy 6:14-15 explicitly commands the Israelites not to follow other gods, emphasizing the LORD's jealousy and the consequences of disobedience. The historical books of the Old Testament, including Judges and 1 Samuel, document the cycle of Israel's disobedience, punishment, repentance, and deliverance, highlighting God's consistent communication and warnings to His people.

“You shall not do this thing.”
This phrase underscores the clear and direct command from God against idol worship. The prohibition against idolatry is a central tenet of the Mosaic Covenant, as seen in Leviticus 26:1 and Deuteronomy 5:7-9. The command reflects God's desire for exclusive worship and loyalty from His people. The Israelites' failure to heed this command led to their downfall and exile, fulfilling the prophetic warnings given by Moses and later prophets like Isaiah and Jeremiah. This command also foreshadows the New Testament teaching of worshiping God in spirit and truth (John 4:24), pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who embodies the true image of God (Colossians 1:15).

Yet through all His prophets and seers,
Prophets and seers were individuals chosen by God to convey His messages to the people. Prophets like Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, and Hosea played significant roles in warning Israel and Judah. Seers, often synonymous with prophets, were those who had visions from God. This phrase emphasizes the consistent and persistent efforts of God to communicate with His people through various messengers.

the LORD warned Israel and Judah,
The division of the kingdom into Israel (the northern kingdom) and Judah (the southern kingdom) occurred after Solomon's reign. Despite their separation, both kingdoms were subject to God's covenant and His laws. The warnings were a call to repentance and a return to covenant faithfulness, highlighting God's desire for both kingdoms to turn back to Him.

saying, “Turn from your wicked ways
This call to repentance is a central theme throughout the Bible. Wicked ways refer to idolatry, injustice, and disobedience to God's commands. The call to turn is an invitation to repentance, a change of heart and action, which is a recurring message in the prophetic books.

and keep My commandments and statutes,
The commandments and statutes refer to the laws given by God, primarily through Moses. These laws were meant to guide the Israelites in living a life that was pleasing to God and distinct from the surrounding nations. Obedience to these laws was a sign of faithfulness to the covenant.

according to the entire Law that I commanded your fathers
The "entire Law" refers to the Torah, the first five books of the Bible, which contain the laws and commandments given to the Israelites. The reference to "your fathers" connects the current generation to their ancestors who received the Law at Mount Sinai, emphasizing continuity and the importance of tradition.

and delivered to you through My servants the prophets.”
The prophets served as God's messengers, delivering His words and instructions to the people. This phrase underscores the role of the prophets as intermediaries between God and His people, tasked with reminding them of the covenant and calling them back to obedience. The prophets' messages often included both warnings of judgment and promises of restoration, pointing ultimately to the hope found in the coming Messiah.

But they would not listen
This phrase highlights the persistent disobedience of the Israelites. Throughout the Old Testament, God repeatedly sent prophets to warn His people, yet they often ignored these messages (Jeremiah 7:25-26). This refusal to listen is a recurring theme, illustrating the Israelites' hardened hearts and resistance to divine instruction. The Hebrew word for "listen" implies not just hearing but obeying, indicating a deeper level of rebellion.

and they stiffened their necks
The imagery of a stiff neck is a metaphor for stubbornness and rebellion. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a stiff neck was associated with an ox that refused to be guided by a yoke. This metaphor is used elsewhere in Scripture to describe Israel's obstinacy (Exodus 32:9, Deuteronomy 9:6). It signifies a willful resistance to God's guidance and authority.

like their fathers
This phrase connects the current generation of Israelites with their ancestors, emphasizing a pattern of disobedience. The history of Israel is marked by cycles of rebellion and repentance, as seen in the book of Judges. This continuity of behavior underscores the deep-rooted nature of their spiritual rebellion, which was evident from the time of the Exodus (Psalm 78:8).

who did not believe the LORD their God
Unbelief is at the heart of Israel's disobedience. Despite witnessing God's miracles and receiving His law, the Israelites struggled with faithfulness (Numbers 14:11). This lack of belief is not merely intellectual but involves a failure to trust and rely on God. The New Testament echoes this theme, teaching that faith is essential for a relationship with God (Hebrews 11:6). The Israelites' unbelief serves as a warning and a call to faithfulness for future generations.

They rejected His statutes and the covenant He had made with their fathers
This phrase highlights Israel's disobedience to God's laws and the covenant established with their ancestors, notably through figures like Abraham, Moses, and David. The statutes refer to the laws given at Sinai, which were meant to set Israel apart as a holy nation. The rejection signifies a breach of the relationship God intended, leading to spiritual and national consequences. This disobedience is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, seen in passages like Exodus 19:5-6 and Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's adherence to God's commands.

as well as the decrees He had given them
The decrees are specific commands and ordinances that were part of the Mosaic Law. These were intended to guide Israel in worship, justice, and community life. By ignoring these decrees, Israel not only disobeyed God but also disrupted the social and religious order He established. This disobedience is echoed in the prophetic writings, such as in Jeremiah 11:10, where the people's failure to follow God's decrees leads to judgment.

They pursued worthless idols and became worthless themselves
This phrase underscores the futility of idolatry. The term "worthless" reflects the Hebrew word "hebel," often translated as "vanity" or "emptiness," indicating the idols' lack of substance and power. By pursuing these idols, Israel not only turned away from the true God but also degraded their own identity and purpose. This concept is mirrored in Psalm 115:8, which states that those who make idols will become like them, emphasizing the transformative power of worship, whether for good or ill.

going after the surrounding nations that the LORD had commanded them not to imitate
God's command for Israel to remain distinct from surrounding nations is rooted in passages like Leviticus 18:3 and Deuteronomy 18:9. These nations often engaged in practices contrary to God's laws, such as idolatry and immorality. By imitating them, Israel compromised their unique calling as God's chosen people. This imitation led to their downfall, as seen in the historical context of the Assyrian conquest, which was a direct result of their failure to remain separate and faithful to God.

They abandoned all the commandments of the LORD their God
This phrase highlights the complete apostasy of the Israelites. The commandments referred to are those given by God through Moses, including the Ten Commandments and other laws found in the Torah. This abandonment signifies a total rejection of the covenant relationship with God, which was central to Israel's identity. Historically, this period was marked by political instability and spiritual decline, as the Northern Kingdom of Israel turned away from the worship of Yahweh. This act of abandoning God's commandments is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often leading to divine judgment, as seen in the Babylonian exile.

and made for themselves two cast idols of calves
The making of calf idols directly recalls the sin of the golden calf in Exodus 32, where the Israelites created an idol while Moses was on Mount Sinai. In 1 Kings 12:28-30, Jeroboam, the first king of the Northern Kingdom, set up golden calves in Bethel and Dan to prevent his people from worshiping in Jerusalem. This act was a direct violation of the commandment against idolatry and represented a significant turning point in Israel's spiritual decline. Archaeological findings in these regions have uncovered evidence of idol worship, supporting the biblical narrative.

and an Asherah pole
Asherah was a Canaanite goddess associated with fertility and was often worshiped alongside Baal. The Asherah pole was a wooden symbol of this goddess, and its presence indicates the syncretism that plagued Israel, blending the worship of Yahweh with pagan practices. This was strictly forbidden in Deuteronomy 16:21, where God commanded the Israelites not to set up any Asherah poles beside His altar. The presence of Asherah worship in Israel reflects the cultural influence of surrounding nations and the failure of the Israelites to remain distinct as God's chosen people.

They bowed down to all the host of heaven
This phrase refers to the worship of celestial bodies such as the sun, moon, and stars, which was common among ancient Near Eastern cultures. This practice is condemned in Deuteronomy 4:19, where God warns the Israelites not to be enticed into worshiping the heavenly bodies. The worship of the host of heaven represents a further departure from monotheism and the unique worship of Yahweh. It illustrates the extent of Israel's spiritual adultery and the influence of foreign religions.

and served Baal
Baal was a major deity in the Canaanite pantheon, often associated with storms and fertility. The worship of Baal was characterized by rituals that were abhorrent to Yahweh, including child sacrifice and temple prostitution. The Israelites' service to Baal is a recurring issue in the Old Testament, leading to numerous prophetic rebukes and judgments. The prophets Elijah and Elisha, in particular, confronted Baal worship directly, as seen in the dramatic contest on Mount Carmel in 1 Kings 18. This service to Baal symbolizes the ultimate betrayal of the covenant and the spiritual infidelity of Israel.

They sacrificed their sons and daughters in the fire
This phrase refers to the practice of child sacrifice, which was prevalent among the Canaanite religions, particularly in the worship of the god Molech. Archaeological evidence from sites like Carthage shows that such practices were not uncommon in the ancient Near East. The Israelites were explicitly forbidden from engaging in this abomination (Leviticus 18:21, Deuteronomy 12:31). This act was a direct violation of God's commandments and demonstrated a complete departure from the covenant relationship with Yahweh. The sacrifice of children was seen as the ultimate act of idolatry and rebellion against God, highlighting the depth of Israel's apostasy.

and practiced divination and soothsaying
Divination and soothsaying were methods used to predict the future or gain insight through supernatural means, often involving rituals or the consultation of spirits. These practices were common among pagan cultures and were strictly prohibited for the Israelites (Deuteronomy 18:10-12). The use of divination indicated a reliance on sources other than God for guidance and wisdom, which was considered an act of unfaithfulness. This behavior was akin to spiritual adultery, as it involved seeking power and knowledge from false gods or demonic forces, rather than trusting in the Lord.

They devoted themselves to doing evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase underscores the intentional and persistent nature of Israel's sin. The people were not merely passive in their wrongdoing; they actively pursued evil, demonstrating a hardened heart and a willful rejection of God's laws. The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that their actions were not hidden from God, who is omniscient and sees all. This deliberate rebellion against God's commandments was a breach of the covenant and a direct challenge to His authority and holiness.

provoking Him to anger
The provocation of God's anger is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, particularly in the context of Israel's idolatry and disobedience. God's anger is not capricious but is a righteous response to sin and injustice. The Israelites' actions were a direct affront to God's holiness and justice, and their persistent rebellion necessitated divine judgment. This phrase serves as a warning of the consequences of sin and the seriousness with which God views covenant unfaithfulness. It also foreshadows the eventual judgment and exile that would come upon Israel as a result of their continued disobedience.

So the LORD was very angry with Israel
This phrase indicates God's intense displeasure with the northern kingdom of Israel due to their persistent idolatry and disobedience. The anger of the LORD is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often resulting from the breaking of the covenant established at Sinai (Exodus 19-24). The Israelites had turned to worship Baal and other Canaanite deities, violating the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). This anger is not arbitrary but a response to Israel's repeated rejection of God's laws and prophets (2 Kings 17:13-17). The anger of God is also a reflection of His holiness and justice, as He cannot tolerate sin.

and He removed them from His presence
This removal refers to the Assyrian exile of the northern kingdom in 722 BC, when the Assyrians conquered Samaria and deported the Israelites. Being removed from God's presence signifies a loss of divine favor and protection, as well as a physical displacement from the Promised Land, which was a central aspect of the covenant with Abraham (Genesis 12:1-3). The presence of God was symbolically associated with the temple in Jerusalem, and being removed from His presence implies a severance from the spiritual and communal life centered around worship. This exile fulfilled the warnings given by prophets like Amos and Hosea, who had foretold the consequences of Israel's unfaithfulness.

Only the tribe of Judah remained
This phrase highlights the division of the united monarchy into two kingdoms after Solomon's reign: Israel in the north and Judah in the south. Judah's survival at this point is significant, as it is the tribe from which David's lineage comes, and through which the Messiah, Jesus Christ, would eventually be born (Matthew 1:1-16). The preservation of Judah is seen as part of God's redemptive plan, maintaining a remnant through which His promises would be fulfilled. Despite Judah's own failings, they were spared at this time, possibly due to the reforms of kings like Hezekiah and Josiah, who sought to return to the worship of Yahweh. This remnant theme is crucial in biblical theology, emphasizing God's faithfulness to His covenant even amidst human unfaithfulness.

and even Judah did not keep the commandments of the LORD their God
This phrase highlights the spiritual decline of Judah, despite being the southern kingdom that retained the Davidic line and the temple in Jerusalem. Historically, Judah had moments of reform under kings like Hezekiah and Josiah, but overall, they failed to maintain consistent obedience to God's commandments. This disobedience is significant because Judah had the temple, the priesthood, and the law more readily accessible than the northern kingdom of Israel. The phrase underscores the universal nature of sin and the failure of even the more "faithful" kingdom to uphold God's standards. This failure is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, illustrating the need for a new covenant, as prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34, which would be fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

but lived according to the customs Israel had introduced
This part of the verse indicates that Judah adopted the idolatrous practices and customs that were prevalent in the northern kingdom of Israel. These customs included the worship of Baal and Asherah, as well as the establishment of high places, which were contrary to the worship prescribed by God. The influence of Israel's practices on Judah is a testament to the pervasive nature of sin and the ease with which God's people can be led astray. This adoption of foreign customs is reminiscent of the warnings given in Deuteronomy 12:29-31, where God cautioned against adopting the practices of the nations around them. The phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness to God's commandments and the dangers of syncretism, which can dilute and corrupt true worship.

So the LORD rejected all the descendants of Israel.
This phrase indicates a divine judgment against the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The rejection is a culmination of persistent idolatry and disobedience to God's covenant, as detailed in the preceding chapters. Historically, this refers to the period leading up to the Assyrian conquest in 722 BC. Theologically, it reflects the consequences of breaking the covenant established at Sinai (Exodus 19-24). The rejection is not merely a temporary punishment but a severing of the special relationship, echoing the warnings given by prophets like Hosea and Amos.

He afflicted them
The affliction mentioned here can be understood as a series of calamities and hardships that befell Israel due to their unfaithfulness. This includes military defeats, economic hardships, and social turmoil. Theologically, affliction is often used as a tool for correction and repentance, as seen in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's obedience or disobedience.

and delivered them into the hands of plunderers,
This phrase describes the military invasions and subsequent oppression by foreign powers, primarily the Assyrians. The Assyrians were known for their brutal tactics and deportation policies, which were part of God's judgment. This aligns with the covenant curses in Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28, where God warns of foreign domination as a consequence of disobedience. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and His use of them to fulfill His purposes.

until He had banished them from His presence.
The banishment from God's presence signifies the exile of the Northern Kingdom. In biblical terms, being in God's presence is associated with blessing and protection, as seen in the temple in Jerusalem. The exile represents a loss of identity and divine favor, paralleling the expulsion from Eden (Genesis 3). This phrase also foreshadows the eventual exile of Judah and serves as a warning to remain faithful to God. Theologically, it points to the need for a new covenant, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who restores the broken relationship between God and humanity.

When the LORD had torn Israel away from the house of David
This phrase refers to the division of the united monarchy of Israel after the reign of Solomon. The tearing away signifies God's judgment due to Solomon's idolatry and the people's unfaithfulness (1 Kings 11:11-13). The house of David refers to the Davidic dynasty ruling over the united kingdom. This division fulfilled the prophecy given to Solomon that the kingdom would be torn from him, except for one tribe for the sake of David and Jerusalem (1 Kings 11:31-32).

they made Jeroboam son of Nebat king
Jeroboam, originally a servant of Solomon, was chosen by the northern tribes to be their king, fulfilling Ahijah the prophet's prophecy (1 Kings 11:29-31). Jeroboam's rise to power was a direct result of the people's discontent with Rehoboam, Solomon's son, and his harsh policies (1 Kings 12:16-20). This political shift marked the beginning of the northern kingdom of Israel, distinct from the southern kingdom of Judah.

and Jeroboam led Israel away from following the LORD
Jeroboam's leadership was characterized by spiritual apostasy. To prevent the people from returning to Jerusalem for worship, he established alternative centers of worship in Bethel and Dan, introducing golden calves as objects of worship (1 Kings 12:28-30). This act was a direct violation of the first two commandments and set a precedent for idolatry in Israel.

and caused them to commit a great sin
The "great sin" refers to the institutionalization of idolatry and the departure from the covenantal worship of Yahweh. Jeroboam's actions led the nation into a pattern of sin that persisted throughout the history of the northern kingdom, ultimately leading to its downfall and exile (2 Kings 17:22-23). This sin is often referenced in the biblical narrative as "the sin of Jeroboam," highlighting its lasting impact (1 Kings 16:26).

The Israelites persisted in all the sins that Jeroboam had committed
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel after the division of the united monarchy, established a pattern of idolatry and false worship. He set up golden calves in Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30) to prevent the Israelites from going to Jerusalem to worship, which was a direct violation of the first two commandments (Exodus 20:3-4). This act of idolatry became a "sin" that led Israel astray. The phrase indicates that the Israelites continued in these practices, showing a deep-seated rebellion against God's commandments. This persistence in sin highlights the spiritual decline and moral decay that characterized the northern kingdom, ultimately leading to its downfall and exile by the Assyrians in 722 BC.

and did not turn away from them.
The refusal to turn away from sin reflects a hardened heart and a rejection of God's call to repentance. Throughout the prophetic books, God repeatedly called Israel to return to Him (e.g., Hosea 14:1, Joel 2:12-13), but they ignored these warnings. This phrase underscores the theme of stubbornness and spiritual blindness. The failure to repent is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often leading to judgment. In the New Testament, repentance is a central message of Jesus' ministry (Mark 1:15) and is essential for salvation (Acts 3:19). The Israelites' refusal to turn from their sins serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of persistent disobedience and the importance of heeding God's call to repentance.

Finally, the LORD removed Israel from His presence
This phrase marks the culmination of a long period of disobedience and idolatry by the northern kingdom of Israel. The removal from God's presence signifies a severe judgment, as God's presence was associated with blessing and protection. Theologically, this reflects the covenantal relationship where Israel's unfaithfulness led to divine discipline. The concept of being removed from God's presence echoes the expulsion from Eden (Genesis 3:23-24), highlighting the gravity of sin and separation from God.

as He had declared through all His servants the prophets
The prophets, such as Amos, Hosea, and Isaiah, had repeatedly warned Israel of the consequences of their idolatry and injustice. This phrase underscores the faithfulness of God to His word and the role of prophets as His messengers. The prophetic warnings were not heeded, leading to the fulfillment of their dire predictions. This serves as a reminder of the importance of listening to God's word and the certainty of His promises, both of blessing and judgment.

So Israel was exiled from their homeland into Assyria
The exile to Assyria occurred in 722 BC under the reign of King Hoshea, marking the end of the northern kingdom. This event is historically significant as it led to the dispersion of the ten tribes, often referred to as the "Lost Tribes of Israel." Assyrian records corroborate the biblical account, providing archaeological evidence of the conquest and deportation. Theologically, the exile represents the consequences of breaking the covenant with God, as outlined in Deuteronomy 28:36-37.

where they are to this day
This phrase indicates the lasting impact of the exile, as the northern tribes did not return to their land as a collective group. It highlights the enduring nature of God's judgment and the historical reality of the Assyrian captivity. The phrase also serves as a reminder of the scattered state of Israel, which is a theme throughout the prophetic literature, pointing to a future hope of restoration and regathering, as seen in passages like Ezekiel 37:21-22.

Then the king of Assyria brought people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath, and Sepharvaim
The king of Assyria at this time was likely Shalmaneser V or Sargon II, who continued the policy of deportation and resettlement to maintain control over conquered territories. Babylon was a significant city in Mesopotamia, known for its advanced culture and later prominence in biblical prophecy. Cuthah, Avva, Hamath, and Sepharvaim were regions or cities within the Assyrian Empire, each with its own distinct cultural and religious practices. This resettlement strategy aimed to dilute nationalistic sentiments and prevent rebellion by mixing different peoples and cultures.

and settled them in the towns of Samaria to replace the Israelites.
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, which had fallen to Assyria in 722 BC. The Israelites were exiled, fulfilling prophecies of judgment due to their persistent idolatry and disobedience to God (2 Kings 17:7-23). The replacement of the Israelites with foreign peoples led to the emergence of the Samaritans, a mixed population with syncretic religious practices, which later caused tensions with the Jews returning from Babylonian exile (Ezra 4:1-5).

They took possession of Samaria and lived in its towns.
The new inhabitants took over the land and infrastructure left by the exiled Israelites. This occupation marked a significant shift in the region's demographic and religious landscape. The settlers brought their own gods and practices, which led to a blending of beliefs and the eventual development of a distinct Samaritan identity. This change set the stage for future conflicts between Samaritans and Jews, as seen in the New Testament (John 4:9). Theologically, this event underscores the consequences of Israel's failure to uphold their covenant with God, serving as a warning and a call to faithfulness.

Now when the settlers first lived there
This phrase refers to the new inhabitants of Samaria after the Assyrian conquest. The Assyrians had a policy of relocating conquered peoples to prevent rebellion, and they brought people from various regions to settle in the land of Israel. This relocation is documented in 2 Kings 17:24, where it mentions people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath, and Sepharvaim. The settlers were unfamiliar with the land and its religious traditions, which sets the stage for the events that follow.

they did not worship the LORD
The settlers did not know or follow the worship practices of Yahweh, the God of Israel. This lack of worship is significant because it highlights the spiritual decline that had occurred in Israel, leading to its downfall. The Israelites had been warned repeatedly by prophets to turn from idolatry and return to the worship of the LORD (Yahweh), as seen in passages like 2 Kings 17:13-15. The settlers' ignorance of the LORD's worship underscores the loss of spiritual heritage and the consequences of Israel's disobedience.

so He sent lions among them
The sending of lions can be seen as a divine judgment or warning. In the ancient Near East, wild animals were often viewed as instruments of divine retribution. The presence of lions would have been a terrifying and unmistakable sign to the settlers that something was amiss. This act of sending lions is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God uses nature to communicate His displeasure or to bring about repentance, such as the plagues in Egypt (Exodus 7-11).

which killed some of them
The death of some settlers by lions served as a direct consequence of their failure to worship the LORD. This event would have been a powerful motivator for the settlers to seek understanding of the local deity and His requirements. It reflects the biblical principle that disobedience to God can lead to physical and spiritual consequences, as seen in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses are outlined based on Israel's obedience or disobedience to God's commands.

So they spoke to the king of Assyria, saying,
This phrase indicates a communication between the relocated peoples and the Assyrian king. The Assyrian Empire, known for its military prowess and administrative efficiency, often relocated conquered peoples to prevent rebellion. This practice is confirmed by Assyrian records and archaeological findings. The king of Assyria at this time was likely Shalmaneser V or Sargon II, who continued the policy of deportation initiated by their predecessors.

“The peoples that you have removed and placed in the cities of Samaria
The "peoples" refer to various groups from different regions of the Assyrian Empire, relocated to Samaria after the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC. Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom, was strategically important and fertile. The Assyrians repopulated it with foreigners to dilute national identity and prevent insurrection. This policy led to the emergence of the Samaritans, a mixed population with both Israelite and foreign ancestry, which later caused tensions with the Jews.

do not know the requirements of the God of the land.
The "God of the land" refers to Yahweh, the God of Israel. The relocated peoples were unfamiliar with Yahweh's laws and worship practices, which were integral to the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This ignorance highlights the cultural and religious disconnect between the new inhabitants and the land's spiritual heritage. The concept of a "god of the land" reflects the ancient Near Eastern belief that deities were tied to specific territories.

Because of this, He has sent lions among them,
The sending of lions is seen as divine retribution for not following Yahweh's laws. In the ancient world, natural disasters or animal attacks were often interpreted as signs of divine displeasure. Lions were common in the region during this period, and their presence would have been a significant threat. This event underscores the belief in divine sovereignty over nature and the expectation that the land's inhabitants honor its deity.

which are indeed killing them off.”
The phrase indicates the severity of the lion attacks, suggesting a high mortality rate among the new settlers. This situation would have been alarming and prompted the appeal to the Assyrian king. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience to God's laws, a recurring theme in the Old Testament. The narrative sets the stage for the introduction of a priest to teach the new inhabitants about Yahweh, illustrating God's desire for all peoples to know Him, foreshadowing the inclusion of Gentiles in the New Covenant through Christ.

Then the king of Assyria commanded:
The king of Assyria at this time was likely Shalmaneser V or Sargon II, who were responsible for the conquest and deportation of the Israelites from the Northern Kingdom. The Assyrian Empire was known for its policy of relocating conquered peoples to prevent rebellion. This command reflects the Assyrian strategy of maintaining control over newly acquired territories by addressing local religious practices.

Send back one of the priests you carried off from Samaria:
The priests of Samaria were part of the religious leadership of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The deportation of these priests was part of the Assyrian policy to disrupt the local culture and religion. By sending a priest back, the king aimed to appease the local population and prevent further unrest. This action also highlights the syncretistic nature of Israel's worship practices at the time, as the priests were not strictly following the worship of Yahweh according to the Mosaic Law.

and have him go back to live there:
The return of a priest to live in Samaria was intended to re-establish some form of religious continuity. This reflects the ancient belief that the favor of local deities was tied to the land and its inhabitants. The priest's presence was meant to ensure that the religious customs of the land were observed, which was believed to bring stability and prosperity.

and teach the requirements of the God of the land:
The "God of the land" refers to Yahweh, the God of Israel. However, the understanding and worship of Yahweh in the Northern Kingdom had been corrupted by idolatry and syncretism, as seen in the establishment of golden calves in Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). The teaching of the requirements was an attempt to placate the deity believed to have power over the land. This reflects a common ancient Near Eastern belief that each land had its own god who needed to be appeased. Theologically, this situation underscores the failure of Israel to maintain covenant faithfulness, leading to their exile, as warned by prophets like Hosea and Amos.

Thus one of the priests they had carried away
This refers to the priests of the Northern Kingdom of Israel who were taken into exile by the Assyrians. The Assyrian policy was to deport conquered peoples to prevent rebellion. Priests in Israel were originally from the tribe of Levi, but after the division of the kingdom, Jeroboam appointed non-Levitical priests (1 Kings 12:31). This priest's return signifies an attempt to restore some form of religious order among the people left in the land.

came and lived in Bethel
Bethel was a significant religious site in the Northern Kingdom, originally a place where Jacob had a vision of God (Genesis 28:19). It later became a center of idolatrous worship under Jeroboam, who set up a golden calf there (1 Kings 12:28-29). The priest's residence in Bethel indicates an effort to re-establish proper worship practices in a place that had been corrupted by idolatry.

and he began to teach them
The priest's role was to instruct the people in the ways of the LORD, highlighting the importance of teaching and preserving the knowledge of God’s laws. This reflects the biblical emphasis on the teaching of God's Word as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-7, where parents are instructed to teach their children diligently.

how they should worship the LORD
This phrase underscores the need for correct worship, which had been neglected in the Northern Kingdom. The worship of the LORD required adherence to the covenant and the Law given through Moses. The restoration of proper worship practices was crucial for the spiritual renewal of the people. This also foreshadows the New Testament emphasis on worshiping in spirit and truth (John 4:24), pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, who is the true temple and high priest.

Nevertheless, the people of each nation continued to make their own gods
This phrase highlights the persistence of idolatry among the people who were settled in Samaria after the Assyrian conquest. Despite the warnings and judgments from God, these nations clung to their own religious practices. This reflects the broader biblical theme of humanity's tendency to turn away from the worship of the one true God, as seen in the repeated cycles of idolatry throughout the Old Testament (e.g., Judges 2:11-19). The making of their own gods signifies a rejection of divine revelation and a reliance on human invention, which is condemned in passages like Isaiah 44:9-20.

in the cities where they had settled
The Assyrian policy of resettlement involved relocating conquered peoples to different parts of the empire to prevent rebellion and to assimilate them into the Assyrian culture. This historical context is crucial for understanding the religious syncretism that developed in Samaria. The cities mentioned would have been those in the region of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, which had been depopulated by the Assyrian conquest. This resettlement is documented in Assyrian records and aligns with the biblical narrative of 2 Kings 17:24.

and they set them up in the shrines
The shrines, or "high places," were local worship sites that often became centers of idolatry. These were originally intended for the worship of Yahweh but had been corrupted over time. The setting up of foreign gods in these shrines indicates a blending of religious practices, which was strictly forbidden in the Mosaic Law (Deuteronomy 12:2-4). This syncretism is a recurring issue in Israel's history, leading to divine judgment.

that the people of Samaria had made on the high places
The high places were elevated sites used for worship, often associated with pagan rituals. The people of Samaria, referring to the Israelites of the Northern Kingdom, had already established these sites before the Assyrian conquest. This phrase underscores the continuity of idolatrous practices, as the new settlers adopted and adapted the existing religious infrastructure for their own gods. The high places were a significant factor in the spiritual decline of Israel, as noted in 1 Kings 12:31-33, where Jeroboam set up golden calves at Bethel and Dan. This practice of using high places is contrasted with the centralized worship in Jerusalem, which was the divinely appointed place for sacrifice and worship (Deuteronomy 12:5-14).

The men of Babylon made Succoth-benoth
The Babylonians were known for their polytheistic beliefs, worshipping a pantheon of gods. Succoth-benoth is believed to be a deity associated with fertility or protection, though specific details are scarce. The name may mean "booths of daughters," suggesting a connection to temple prostitution, a practice common in some ancient Near Eastern religions. This reflects the syncretism that occurred when the Assyrians resettled conquered peoples, including the Israelites, leading to the introduction of foreign gods into Israel. This practice was in direct violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3) and highlights the spiritual decline that led to Israel's downfall.

The men of Cuth made Nergal
Cuth, or Cuthah, was another region in Mesopotamia, and its inhabitants brought with them the worship of Nergal, a god associated with war, death, and the underworld. Nergal was often depicted as a lion, symbolizing strength and ferocity. The introduction of Nergal into Israelite worship illustrates the blending of religious practices that diluted the worship of Yahweh. This syncretism is condemned throughout the Old Testament, as seen in passages like Deuteronomy 12:30-31, which warn against adopting the religious practices of other nations.

The men of Hamath made Ashima
Hamath was a city-state located in modern-day Syria. Ashima is less well-documented, but it is thought to be a deity possibly linked to sheep or goats, given the name's similarity to the Hebrew word for "guilt" or "sin" (asham). The worship of Ashima by the people of Hamath further exemplifies the religious pluralism that characterized the Northern Kingdom of Israel after the Assyrian conquest. This pluralism was a direct challenge to the exclusive worship of Yahweh, as emphasized in passages like 2 Kings 17:35-39, where God reminds Israel of their covenant obligations.

the Avvites made Nibhaz and Tartak
The Avvites were one of the groups resettled in Samaria by the Assyrians after the fall of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. Nibhaz and Tartak are deities associated with this group. Little is known about these gods, but their mention highlights the syncretism and idolatry that characterized the region after the Assyrian conquest. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the dangers of idolatry, as seen in the First Commandment (Exodus 20:3).

and the Sepharvites burned their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech
The Sepharvites were another group brought to Samaria. The practice of child sacrifice, particularly by fire, was a grievous sin in the eyes of the God of Israel, explicitly condemned in Leviticus 18:21 and Deuteronomy 12:31. Adrammelech and Anammelech were gods of Sepharvaim, and their worship through such horrific means underscores the moral and spiritual decline that occurred when foreign practices infiltrated Israelite society. This act is reminiscent of the abominations committed by the Canaanites, which led to their judgment (Deuteronomy 9:4-5).

the gods of Sepharvaim
Sepharvaim was a city in Mesopotamia, and its gods were brought to Samaria by the exiled people. The introduction of these deities into Israelite territory represents the Assyrian policy of cultural assimilation and religious pluralism, which was intended to weaken national identities and prevent rebellion. This historical context illustrates the challenges faced by the Israelites in maintaining their covenantal identity amidst foreign influences. The presence of these gods in Israel is a stark contrast to the monotheistic worship of Yahweh, as emphasized throughout the Old Testament, particularly in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-5).

So the new residents worshiped the LORD
The new residents refer to the people brought into Samaria by the Assyrian king after the exile of the Israelites. This was a common practice to prevent rebellion by mixing populations. Worshiping the LORD indicates an acknowledgment of Yahweh, the God of Israel, possibly due to fear of the lions sent by God (2 Kings 17:25-26). This reflects a syncretistic approach, where they attempted to incorporate the worship of Yahweh into their existing religious practices. This situation highlights the tension between true worship and syncretism, a recurring theme in Israel's history (Exodus 20:3-5).

but they also appointed for themselves priests of all sorts
The appointment of priests "of all sorts" suggests a lack of adherence to the Levitical priesthood established by God (Numbers 3:10). This action demonstrates a disregard for the divinely ordained structure of worship and priesthood. It reflects the broader issue of Israel's failure to maintain the purity of worship as commanded in the Law. This mirrors the earlier sin of Jeroboam, who appointed non-Levitical priests (1 Kings 12:31), leading Israel into idolatry.

to serve in the shrines of the high places
High places were local worship sites often associated with idolatry and pagan practices. Despite their initial purpose for worshiping Yahweh, they became centers of syncretistic worship, blending the worship of God with that of other deities. This practice was condemned by the prophets and was a significant reason for Israel's downfall (2 Kings 17:7-12). The persistence of high places throughout Israel's history illustrates the challenge of maintaining pure worship and the ease with which God's people can be led astray.

They worshiped the LORD
This phrase highlights the syncretistic practices of the people. Despite acknowledging the LORD, their worship was not exclusive or pure. This reflects the broader context of Israel's history, where the worship of Yahweh was often mixed with pagan practices, contrary to the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). The divided heart of the Israelites is a recurring theme, as seen in Elijah's challenge on Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18:21).

but they also served their own gods
The Israelites' service to other gods indicates a failure to fully commit to the covenant with Yahweh. This practice was influenced by the surrounding nations and was a direct violation of the covenantal laws given in Deuteronomy 6:14-15. The worship of other gods often included idolatry and practices detestable to the LORD, leading to spiritual and moral decline.

according to the customs of the nations
The adoption of foreign customs was a significant issue for Israel, as it led them away from the distinct identity and practices commanded by God. This phrase underscores the influence of Canaanite and other pagan cultures on Israel, which often included rituals and sacrifices that were abominable to the LORD (Leviticus 18:3). The Israelites' failure to remain separate from these customs was a recurring problem throughout their history.

from which they had been carried away
This refers to the Assyrian exile, where the Northern Kingdom of Israel was conquered and its people were deported. The Assyrians had a policy of relocating conquered peoples to prevent rebellion, which led to the mixing of populations and religious practices. This historical context explains the syncretism observed in the verse, as the Israelites were influenced by the religious practices of the regions to which they were exiled. The exile was a fulfillment of prophetic warnings given by prophets like Hosea and Amos, who called Israel to repentance.

To this day they are still practicing their former customs.
This phrase indicates the persistence of the Israelites in following the idolatrous practices they adopted from surrounding nations, despite the warnings and judgments from God. Historically, this reflects the syncretism that plagued Israel, where they mixed the worship of Yahweh with pagan rituals. This behavior was a direct violation of the covenant established at Sinai, where God commanded exclusive worship (Exodus 20:3-5). The phrase "to this day" suggests a long-standing issue, highlighting the deep-rooted nature of their disobedience.

None of them worship the LORD
The Israelites' failure to worship the LORD (Yahweh) signifies a complete departure from their covenantal relationship with God. This is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, where the people of Israel often turned to other gods, leading to their downfall. The worship of Yahweh required exclusive devotion, as seen in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-5), which calls for loving God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. Their neglect of true worship led to spiritual and national decay.

or observe the statutes, ordinances, laws, and commandments
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of Israel's disobedience. The statutes, ordinances, laws, and commandments refer to the entire body of Mosaic Law given to guide the Israelites in their relationship with God and each other. These laws were meant to set Israel apart as a holy nation (Leviticus 19:2). Their failure to observe these laws indicates a rejection of God's authority and a breakdown of the societal and religious order intended to reflect God's holiness.

that the LORD gave the descendants of Jacob,
The reference to Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel, connects the current generation to the patriarchal promises and the covenant God made with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This highlights the continuity of God's plan and the special status of Israel as His chosen people (Genesis 35:10-12). Despite their privileged position, the descendants of Jacob failed to live up to their calling, leading to their eventual exile.

whom He named Israel.
The renaming of Jacob to Israel (Genesis 32:28) signifies a transformation and a divine purpose for the nation. The name "Israel" means "he struggles with God," reflecting both Jacob's personal encounter with God and the nation's ongoing struggle to remain faithful. This struggle is evident throughout Israel's history, as they oscillated between faithfulness and rebellion. The name serves as a reminder of their identity and calling to be a people set apart for God's purposes.

For the LORD had made a covenant with the Israelites
This phrase refers to the Mosaic Covenant, established at Mount Sinai, where God gave the Law to Moses. This covenant was a binding agreement between God and the Israelites, emphasizing their unique relationship. It required the Israelites to follow God's commandments, and in return, God promised to be their God and bless them. This covenant is foundational to understanding Israel's identity and their obligations to God, as seen in Exodus 19:5-6 and Deuteronomy 7:6-11.

and commanded them,
God's commands were not mere suggestions but divine mandates that required obedience. The commandments were given to guide the Israelites in living a life that was pleasing to God and distinct from the surrounding nations. This reflects the holiness and authority of God, as seen in Leviticus 19:2, where God calls His people to be holy because He is holy.

“Do not worship other gods
This command is rooted in the First Commandment (Exodus 20:3), which prohibits idolatry. The worship of other gods was a constant temptation for Israel, as they were surrounded by polytheistic cultures. This command underscores the monotheistic nature of Israel's faith and the exclusivity of their worship to Yahweh. It highlights the spiritual adultery that idolatry represents, as seen in Hosea 4:12.

or bow down to them;
Bowing down is an act of reverence and submission, often associated with worship. This prohibition emphasizes that physical acts of worship, such as bowing, should be directed only to the LORD. The act of bowing to idols is seen as a betrayal of the covenant relationship with God, as illustrated in Daniel 3:18, where Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to bow to Nebuchadnezzar's image.

do not serve them
Serving other gods implies allegiance and devotion, which should be reserved for the LORD alone. This command reflects the call to serve God with all one's heart and soul, as seen in Deuteronomy 10:12. Serving idols is portrayed as slavery, contrasting with the freedom found in serving the true God.

or sacrifice to them.
Sacrifices were a central part of worship in ancient cultures, symbolizing devotion and appeasement. Offering sacrifices to other gods was strictly forbidden, as it violated the covenant and was an abomination to the LORD. This command is reinforced in Deuteronomy 12:31, where God warns against adopting the detestable practices of the nations. Sacrifices were to be made only to the LORD, pointing to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who fulfilled the sacrificial system (Hebrews 10:10).

Instead, worship the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the exclusive worship of Yahweh, the God of Israel, rejecting idolatry. In the context of 2 Kings 17, the Israelites were condemned for their syncretism and idolatry. The call to worship the LORD alone is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, seen in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:3) and reiterated by prophets like Elijah (1 Kings 18:21).

who brought you out of the land of Egypt
This reference to the Exodus is a foundational event in Israel's history, symbolizing God's deliverance and covenant relationship with His people. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and power. The Exodus is frequently cited in the Old Testament as a demonstration of God's ability to save and His rightful claim to Israel's worship (Deuteronomy 5:6).

with great power and an outstretched arm
This phrase highlights God's might and intervention in human history. The "outstretched arm" is a metaphor for God's active involvement and strength in delivering Israel from slavery. It is a common biblical expression of divine power (Deuteronomy 4:34, Jeremiah 32:21) and foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who is seen as the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

You are to bow down to Him
Bowing down signifies submission, reverence, and worship. In ancient Near Eastern culture, bowing was a physical act of acknowledging authority and divinity. This command underscores the proper posture of worship and allegiance to God alone, contrasting with the Israelites' previous practices of bowing to idols (2 Kings 17:16).

and offer sacrifices to Him
Sacrifices were central to Israelite worship, serving as expressions of devotion, thanksgiving, and atonement. The sacrificial system, detailed in Leviticus, pointed to the need for reconciliation with God. In the New Testament, Jesus is seen as the ultimate sacrifice, fulfilling the sacrificial system and providing a way for believers to approach God (Hebrews 10:10-14).

And you must always be careful to observe the statutes, ordinances, laws, and commandments He wrote for you.
This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's instructions as given to the Israelites. The statutes, ordinances, laws, and commandments refer to the comprehensive body of divine instructions found in the Torah, particularly the first five books of the Old Testament. These were given to Moses on Mount Sinai and are foundational to the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The call to "always be careful" underscores the necessity of diligence and intentionality in following God's commands, reflecting the covenantal faithfulness expected of God's people. This obedience is not merely ritualistic but is meant to be a heartfelt commitment to God's will, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:5, which commands love for God with all one's heart, soul, and strength. The historical context here is crucial, as the Israelites were surrounded by nations with differing religious practices, and adherence to God's law was a means of maintaining their distinct identity as His chosen people.

Do not worship other gods.
This command is a reiteration of the first of the Ten Commandments found in Exodus 20:3, which prohibits the worship of any gods other than Yahweh. The historical context of 2 Kings 17 involves the Northern Kingdom of Israel, which had fallen into idolatry and syncretism, adopting the religious practices of surrounding nations. This led to their eventual downfall and exile by the Assyrians. The prohibition against worshiping other gods is a call to exclusive devotion to Yahweh, who is the one true God. This exclusivity is a central theme throughout the Old Testament and is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus affirms the greatest commandment as loving God with all one's heart (Mark 12:30). Theologically, this command highlights the monotheistic foundation of the Israelite faith and serves as a warning against the spiritual adultery of idolatry, which is often depicted as a betrayal of the covenant relationship with God.

Do not forget the covenant I have made with you.
This phrase emphasizes the importance of remembering the covenant established between God and the Israelites. The covenant refers to the agreements made at Mount Sinai, where God gave the Law to Moses (Exodus 19-24). This covenant was central to Israel's identity as God's chosen people and included promises of blessing for obedience and consequences for disobedience (Deuteronomy 28). The call to remember is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, as seen in Deuteronomy 4:23 and Joshua 23:11-16, where the Israelites are reminded of their obligations to God. Forgetting the covenant often led to idolatry and apostasy, as seen in the history of Israel and Judah, culminating in the exile. This phrase also foreshadows the New Covenant prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who established a new relationship between God and humanity through His death and resurrection.

Do not worship other gods,
This command underscores the monotheistic foundation of Israel's faith, as articulated in the Shema: "Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one" (Deuteronomy 6:4). Worshiping other gods was a direct violation of the first two commandments (Exodus 20:3-4) and was a persistent issue throughout Israel's history. The allure of surrounding pagan cultures and their deities often led Israel astray, as seen in the worship of Baal and Asherah (Judges 2:11-13, 1 Kings 18:18-21). This command is a call to exclusive loyalty to Yahweh, who alone is worthy of worship. The prohibition against idolatry is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are warned against the worship of anything other than God (1 Corinthians 10:14, 1 John 5:21). This phrase also points to the ultimate fulfillment in Christ, who is the true image of the invisible God (Colossians 1:15) and the one through whom believers have access to the Father (John 14:6).

but worship the LORD your God,
This phrase emphasizes exclusive devotion to Yahweh, the God of Israel. In the historical context of 2 Kings 17, the Israelites were guilty of syncretism, blending the worship of Yahweh with that of other gods, which led to their downfall and exile. The command to worship the LORD alone is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, seen in the First Commandment (Exodus 20:3) and reiterated by prophets like Elijah (1 Kings 18:21). This call to exclusive worship underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where loyalty and obedience are paramount.

and He will deliver you
The promise of deliverance is contingent upon the Israelites' faithfulness to God. Throughout the Old Testament, God’s deliverance is a central theme, as seen in the Exodus narrative where God delivers Israel from Egyptian bondage (Exodus 14). This deliverance is not just physical but also spiritual, pointing to a deeper salvation that God offers. The concept of deliverance is also prophetic, foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from sin and death (Colossians 1:13-14).

from the hands of all your enemies.”
This assurance of protection from enemies is a common covenantal promise found in the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 28:7). Historically, Israel faced numerous adversaries, including the Assyrians, who were the immediate threat in the context of 2 Kings 17. The promise of protection is linked to Israel’s obedience and faithfulness to God. In a broader theological sense, this deliverance from enemies can be seen as a type of the spiritual victory believers have in Christ, who conquers sin, death, and the powers of darkness (1 Corinthians 15:57).

But they would not listen
This phrase highlights the persistent disobedience of the Israelites. Throughout the Old Testament, God repeatedly sent prophets to warn His people and call them back to obedience (e.g., Jeremiah 7:13, Isaiah 30:9). The Israelites' refusal to listen is a recurring theme, demonstrating their hardened hearts and resistance to God's commands. This disobedience ultimately led to their downfall and exile, as God allowed the Assyrians to conquer the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The phrase underscores the importance of heeding God's word and the consequences of ignoring divine warnings.

and they persisted in their former customs
The Israelites' persistence in their former customs refers to their continued practice of idolatry and syncretism, blending the worship of Yahweh with that of other gods. This behavior was explicitly forbidden in the Mosaic Law (Exodus 20:3-5, Deuteronomy 5:7-9). The "former customs" likely included the worship of Baal and Asherah, which were prevalent in the region. Archaeological findings, such as altars and idols, support the biblical account of widespread idolatry in ancient Israel. This persistence in idolatry is contrasted with the call to exclusive worship of Yahweh, as seen in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-5). The Israelites' failure to abandon these customs ultimately led to their spiritual and national decline, serving as a warning to future generations about the dangers of compromising faith and practice.

So these nations worshiped the LORD
This phrase highlights the syncretism that occurred among the people who were settled in the land of Israel after the Assyrian conquest. The Assyrians had a policy of relocating conquered peoples to prevent rebellion, and they brought various groups into the region of Samaria. These people adopted the worship of Yahweh, likely due to the influence of the remaining Israelites and the fear of the "lions" sent by God (2 Kings 17:25-28). This reflects a superficial acknowledgment of the God of Israel, rather than a genuine conversion or understanding of His covenant.

but also served their idols
Despite acknowledging Yahweh, these nations continued to serve their own gods, reflecting a divided loyalty. This syncretism is condemned throughout the Old Testament, as God demands exclusive worship (Exodus 20:3-5). The practice of serving multiple gods was common in the ancient Near East, where each nation had its own deities. This behavior is reminiscent of the Israelites' own history of idolatry, which led to their downfall and exile (2 Kings 17:7-18).

and to this day their children and grandchildren continue to do as their fathers did
This phrase indicates the persistence of idolatrous practices among the descendants of these nations. It underscores the enduring nature of cultural and religious traditions, even when they are contrary to God's commands. The phrase "to this day" suggests that the author of Kings was writing at a time when these practices were still observable, possibly during or after the Babylonian exile. This continuity of idolatry serves as a warning about the long-term consequences of failing to fully commit to God. It also highlights the importance of teaching future generations to follow the Lord wholeheartedly, as seen in Deuteronomy 6:6-9.