Berean Study Bible Hannah’s Prayer of ThanksgivingAfter presenting Samuel to the LORD at Shiloh, Hannah answered God’s faithfulness with worship. Her prayer rises beyond the gift she received and celebrates the character and sovereign rule of the God who hears His servants. Luk 1:46-47 Then Mary said: “My soul magnifies the Lord,… “My heart rejoices in the LORD; Hannah’s deepest joy rested in the LORD Himself. The birth of Samuel had changed her circumstances, but God’s presence and faithfulness were the source of her praise. Hab 3:18 yet I will exult in the LORD; I will rejoice… my horn is exalted in the LORD. God had lifted Hannah from humiliation and given her strength, dignity, and public vindication. The LORD alone had reversed the reproach connected with her barrenness. Psa 89:17 For You are the glory of their strength… My mouth speaks boldly against my enemies, Peninnah’s cruel provocation had once brought Hannah to tears, yet God’s answer enabled her to face opposition without bitterness or fear. Her confidence came from the LORD’s defense of His servant. 1Sa 17:45 But David said to the Philistine, “You come against me… for I rejoice in Your salvation. Hannah recognized Samuel’s birth as God’s saving intervention in her distress. Her song also anticipates the greater salvation God would accomplish through His anointed King and ultimately through Jesus Christ. Psa 13:5 But I have trusted in Your loving devotion;… There is no one holy like the LORD. The LORD alone is utterly pure, separate from sin, and perfect in all His ways. Hannah begins with God’s holiness because His righteous character guarantees that He judges evil rightly and fulfills His promises faithfully. Israel was called to reflect this holiness in covenant obedience: “Be holy, because I am holy” (Leviticus 19:2). The seraphim’s worship before God’s throne declares the same reality: “Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of Hosts” (Isaiah 6:3). Exo 15:11 Who among the gods is like You, O LORD? Who is like You… Indeed, there is no one besides You! Surrounded by nations devoted to many false gods, Hannah confesses Israel’s exclusive allegiance to the one living God. The LORD had revealed Himself as the Creator, Deliverer, and covenant God of Israel; no rival deity shares His authority or power. Moses likewise proclaimed, “The LORD is God; besides Him there is no other” (Deuteronomy 4:35). The one God revealed in the Old Testament is fully made known in Jesus Christ, in whom “all the fullness of the Deity dwells in bodily form” (Colossians 2:9). Deu 4:35 You were shown these things so that you would know… And there is no Rock like our God. God is the secure refuge of His people, unshaken by changing rulers, hostile armies, or human weakness. Hannah’s song anticipates the instability of Israel’s coming monarchy while directing confidence toward the LORD, whose kingdom and purposes cannot fail. David later called the LORD “my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer” (Psalm 18:2). Christ is the enduring foundation for all who trust Him, the cornerstone rejected by men but chosen and precious before God (1 Peter 2:6). Deu 32:4 He is the Rock, His work is perfect; all His ways are just.… Do not boast so proudly, Hannah warns that self-exaltation invites God’s opposition. Pride refuses to recognize that strength, position, and success come from the Lord. Her words anticipate the downfall of all who, like Eli’s sons, presume upon sacred privileges while despising God’s commands. Jer 9:23-24 This is what the LORD says: “Let not the wise man… or let arrogance come from your mouth, Proud speech exposes a heart that trusts itself rather than God. Israel’s leaders and surrounding nations often gloried in military power, wealth, or rank, yet the Lord had repeatedly commanded His people to remember that every provision came from His hand. Humble speech reflects dependence upon Him. Psa 17:10 They have closed their callous hearts;… for the LORD is a God who knows, The Lord fully knew Hannah’s grief, Eli’s household corruption, and the hidden conduct of every person in Israel. No injustice escaped His notice, and no secret sin remained concealed before Him. His perfect knowledge comforts the faithful and warns the rebellious. Jer 17:10 I, the LORD, search the heart; I examine the mind… and by Him actions are weighed. God judges deeds according to their true character and the motives from which they arise. He would soon bring judgment upon Eli’s house for the sins of Hophni and Phinehas, while raising Samuel for faithful service. The Lord’s judgment overturns human appearances and establishes His righteousness. Pro 16:2 All a man’s ways are pure in his own eyes,… The bows of the mighty are broken, Hannah praises the Lord for overturning the strength of those who trust in power, weapons, and human ability. The bow represented military might in Israel’s world, yet no army can stand when God acts in judgment. The Lord repeatedly humbled proud rulers and delivered His people through means that displayed His power, as at Jericho and in Gideon’s victory over Midian. Human strength is never independent of God’s sovereign rule. Psa 37:15 But their swords will pierce their own hearts,… but the feeble are equipped with strength. The Lord gives power to those who know their need and depend upon Him. David’s victory over Goliath demonstrated that deliverance does not come by sword or spear but by the Lord. Hannah’s own life testified to this reversal, for God lifted her from barrenness and grief. The pattern reaches its fullest meaning in Christ, whose apparent weakness in death became the victory of His resurrection. God continues to strengthen His people for faithful obedience, showing that His power is perfected in weakness. Psa 18:32 It is God who arms me with strength and makes my way clear. The well-fed hire themselves out for food, God overturns human security and exposes the weakness of wealth apart from Him. Those who once lived in abundance may be brought low, while the needy receive what they lacked. Mary later rejoiced in the same righteous reversal: God fills the hungry with good things and sends the rich away empty (Luke 1:53). Gen 47:19 Why should we perish before your eyes—we and our land… but the starving hunger no more. The Lord provides for those who depend upon Him, as He gave manna to Israel in the wilderness (Exodus 16). Earthly bread sustains life for a time, but God’s provision ultimately points to Christ, the Bread of Life, who satisfies all who come to Him in faith (John 6:35). Rev 7:16 Never again will they hunger, and never will they thirst;… The barren woman gives birth to seven, Hannah’s own experience stands behind her song. Once grieved by barrenness and provoked by Peninnah, she cried to the Lord at Shiloh and received Samuel as God’s answer (1 Samuel 1:10–20). Seven represents fullness, declaring God’s power to grant life, fruitfulness, and joy where human hope has failed. The Lord later gave Hannah additional children after Samuel was dedicated to His service (1 Samuel 2:21). Psa 113:9 He settles the barren woman in her home as a joyful mother… but she who has many sons pines away. Children, possessions, and social standing cannot secure anyone against loss. Hannah’s words warn against pride in visible blessings and direct confidence toward the God who gives and takes away. The Lord alone establishes, humbles, raises up, and preserves His people according to His righteous purposes. Jer 15:9 The mother of seven will grow faint; she will breathe… The LORD brings death and gives life; Hannah worships the God whose rule extends over every human life. Her own deliverance from barrenness demonstrated that the Lord alone gives life and fulfills His purposes through it. God’s authority over death also reveals that no earthly power, including kings and armies, stands beyond His judgment. Jesus Christ ultimately displayed this authority by laying down His life and taking it up again, and He gives eternal life to all who believe in Him. Deu 32:39 See now that I am He; there is no God besides Me… He brings down to Sheol and raises up. Sheol denotes the realm of the dead, where human strength and status are silenced. The Lord can bring a person to the edge of death and can preserve, restore, or raise according to His will. Hannah’s words anticipate the fuller biblical hope that God will overcome death through resurrection. Christ entered death, rose bodily from the grave, and became the firstfruits of those who belong to Him. Psa 30:3 O LORD, You pulled me up from Sheol; You spared… The LORD sends poverty and wealth; Hannah recognizes that material circumstances lie under God’s providential rule. Wealth is a gift from God, yet it does not prove personal righteousness; poverty may bring suffering without indicating divine rejection, as Job’s life shows. Israel was commanded to remember that God gives the ability to gain wealth (Deuteronomy 8:18), while both rich and poor remain equally accountable to their Maker (Proverbs 22:2). Human security cannot rest in possessions, because God alone sustains life and provides every good gift. Pro 22:2 The rich and the poor have this in common:… He humbles and He exalts. God overturns human pride and raises those who depend on Him. Hannah’s own barrenness and later joy in Samuel stand behind her praise, and her words anticipate God’s work throughout Israel’s history. Joseph rose from slavery and prison to govern Egypt, while Nebuchadnezzar was brought low until he acknowledged heaven’s rule. The pattern reaches its fullest meaning in Christ, who humbled Himself unto death and was exalted by the Father (Philippians 2:8–9). God’s people are therefore called to humility, trusting His righteous purposes whether He gives abundance or permits lowliness. Psa 75:7 but it is God who judges; He brings down… He raises the poor from the dust Hannah praises the God who sees those reduced to weakness, grief, and humiliation. Dust recalls humanity’s mortality after the fall (Genesis 3:19), yet the Creator is able to restore dignity and hope. Joseph’s rise from slavery to authority in Egypt and David’s call from the sheepfold to Israel’s throne reveal God’s power to exalt the humble. Psa 113:7-8 He raises the poor from the dust and lifts the needy… and lifts the needy from the ash heap. Ash heaps were places of refuse, misery, and public shame. Job sat in ashes during his affliction (Job 2:8), but the Lord did not abandon him. Jesus fulfilled this pattern by proclaiming good news to the poor and receiving those whom society neglected (Luke 4:18). Lam 4:5 Those who once ate delicacies are destitute in the streets;… He seats them among princes God’s mercy does more than relieve distress; He grants honor and a place among those of high standing. Esther, an orphaned Jewish girl, was raised to become queen and used by God for the preservation of His people. Believers likewise receive an inheritance as co-heirs with Christ (Romans 8:17). Job 36:7 He does not take His eyes off the righteous,… and bestows on them a throne of honor. All true authority and honor come from the Lord rather than human achievement. Hannah’s song anticipates the establishment of Israel’s monarchy and ultimately the reign of God’s Anointed King. Those united to Christ will share in His victorious reign (Revelation 3:21). Luk 1:32-33 He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High… For the foundations of the earth are the LORD’s, The Lord who overturns human circumstances possesses absolute authority because He is the Creator. He laid the earth’s foundations and governs all that He has made (Job 38:4–6; Psalm 24:1–2). Psa 24:1-2 A Psalm of David. The earth is the LORD’s… and upon them He has set the world. God established the world according to His wise purpose and sustains it by His power. Hannah’s confidence rests not in changing circumstances but in the Lord who directs history and fulfills His redemptive purposes. Psa 104:5 He set the earth on its foundations, never to be moved. He guards the steps of His faithful ones, Hannah celebrates the Lord’s watchful care over those who belong to Him in covenant faithfulness. He directs their path, sustains them through danger, and preserves them for His purposes. The Lord’s protection does not remove every trial, but no hardship can overturn His care or separate His people from His covenant mercy. Psalm 37:23–24 likewise portrays the Lord establishing the steps of the righteous and upholding them when they fall. Psa 37:23-24 The steps of a man are ordered by the LORD… but the wicked perish in darkness; Those who oppose God and persist in rebellion are left to the darkness they have chosen. Darkness portrays moral blindness, separation from God, and the judgment that follows rejection of His rule. Hannah’s words anticipate the downfall of proud enemies who trust in violence, power, or false security rather than turning to the Lord. Pro 4:19 But the way of the wicked is like the darkest gloom;… for by his own strength shall no man prevail. Human ability, military power, position, and wisdom cannot secure lasting victory apart from God. Israel would repeatedly learn that deliverance comes from the Lord, not from kings, armies, or human resolve. The truth reaches its fullest display in Christ, who humbled Himself in obedience to the Father and was exalted by God. Psa 33:16-17 No king is saved by his vast army; no warrior… Those who oppose the LORD will be shattered. Hannah’s prayer ends with confidence that every enemy of God will finally fall under His judgment. The LORD is the divine Warrior who fights for His people and cannot be resisted by human strength, armies, or nations. Israel’s later victories over the Philistines and other hostile powers would demonstrate this truth, while Psalm 2 looks beyond Israel’s history to the overthrow of all rebellion against God. Psa 110:6 He will judge the nations, heaping up the dead;… He will thunder from heaven against them. Thunder displays the fearful majesty of God’s voice and judgment, as at Sinai when He descended before Israel. The Creator who rules the storm and the heavens can intervene directly in human affairs. His judgment is neither distant nor uncertain; He acts with irresistible authority against evil. 2Sa 22:14 The LORD thundered from heaven; the voice… The LORD will judge the ends of the earth God’s rule extends beyond Israel to every nation and people. No land lies outside His authority, and no ruler escapes His justice. Hannah’s words anticipate the day when the LORD will openly judge the world and establish righteousness among the nations. Psa 96:13 before the LORD, for He is coming—… and will give power to His king. Israel had no human king when Hannah prayed, making this a remarkable anticipation of the monarchy God would establish. Saul would be Israel’s first king, but David would receive the enduring covenant promise that his throne would lead to the coming Messiah. God alone grants strength, victory, and authority to the king who serves His purposes. Psa 89:21 My hand will sustain him; surely My arm will strengthen him. He will exalt the horn of His anointed.” The horn represents royal strength, honor, and victorious power. David became the LORD’s anointed king, yet the promise reaches its fullest fulfillment in Jesus Christ, the Son of David. God exalted Him through His resurrection and enthronement, and He will reign until every enemy is placed beneath His feet. Psa 132:17 There I will make a horn grow for David;… Then Elkanah went home to Ramah, Elkanah returned to Ramah in the hill country of Ephraim after leaving Samuel at Shiloh. Though a Levite by ancestry, Elkanah lived among Ephraim’s people. Ramah would remain Samuel’s home and later become the place from which he judged Israel and where he was buried. Elkanah’s return marks the costly obedience of Hannah and Elkanah, who entrusted their promised son to the Lord while resuming the ordinary responsibilities of their household. 1Sa 1:19 The next morning they got up early to bow in worship… but the boy began ministering to the LORD Samuel’s service began in childhood, fulfilling Hannah’s vow that he would belong to the Lord all his days. His early ministry at Shiloh stands in sharp contrast to the wickedness of Eli’s sons, who dishonored the sacrifices and abused their priestly office. God was quietly preparing Samuel to call Israel back to faithfulness, to judge the nation, and to anoint Saul and David. Samuel’s willing service also anticipates Christ’s devotion to His Father’s work from His youth. 1Sa 3:1 And the boy Samuel ministered to the LORD before Eli.… before Eli the priest. Eli supervised Samuel’s service at the sanctuary and would later recognize that the Lord was calling the boy. Yet Eli’s own failure to restrain his sons would bring judgment upon his house. In the midst of priestly corruption, Samuel’s faithful growth showed that the Lord had not abandoned His people. Eli’s priesthood also points beyond itself to Jesus Christ, the sinless and everlasting High Priest who perfectly serves God and intercedes for His people. 1Sa 1:25 And when they had slaughtered the bull,…
Eli’s Wicked SonsHophni and Phinehas served as priests at the tabernacle in Shiloh under their father, Eli, who was both priest and judge in Israel. Their office placed them near the sacrifices, the worshipers, and the sacred service appointed by God. Their corruption therefore threatened not only their own souls but also the worship and spiritual life of the nation. 1Sa 4:11 The ark of God was captured, and Eli’s two sons,…… were wicked men; Hophni and Phinehas were sons of Belial, men marked by rebellion, worthlessness, and contempt for God’s order. Their wickedness was not private weakness but open abuse of the priesthood. They used holy things for selfish gain, seized what belonged to God, and later dishonored women serving at the entrance of the tent of meeting. Their conduct made the people despise the offering of the LORD. Pro 6:12 A worthless person, a wicked man, walks… they had no regard for the LORD Hophni and Phinehas knew the duties of the priesthood but refused to fear the God they professed to serve. Their disregard for the LORD lay behind their contempt for His sacrifices, His commandments, and His people. Eli’s failure to restrain them brought judgment upon his house, showing that spiritual position cannot shield those who dishonor God. Jer 2:8 The priests did not ask, ‘Where is the LORD?’… or for the custom of the priests with the people. God had established a lawful provision for priests from the sacrifices of Israel, including designated portions of peace offerings (Leviticus 7:28–36). Eli’s sons replaced God’s commands with a self-serving custom, treating holy worship as an opportunity for personal advantage. Their conduct profaned the priesthood and burdened the people who came to seek the Lord. Deu 18:3 This shall be the priests’ share from the people… When any man offered a sacrifice, Israelites brought sacrifices to the tabernacle in obedience to the Law and in recognition of their need for forgiveness, fellowship, and thanksgiving before God. Each offering belonged first to the Lord, and its handling was governed by His instructions rather than by the desires of those who served at the sanctuary.. Lev 7:29 Speak to the Israelites and say, ‘Anyone who presents… the servant of the priest would come Hophni and Phinehas used their servants to carry out their unlawful demands. The servants acted under priestly authority, making the corruption visible to the worshipers and extending the guilt of the priests through those who represented them. Num 3:6 Bring the tribe of Levi and present them to Aaron… with a three-pronged meat fork The fork enabled the priests’ servants to seize whatever portion they wanted from the sacrificial pot. Rather than receiving the portions God assigned to the priesthood, Eli’s sons claimed meat according to their appetite. Their greed showed contempt for the holiness of the offering and for the Lord who had provided for them. Exo 27:3 Make all its utensils of bronze—its pots for removing ashes… while the meat was boiling The servants intruded into the sacrifice before its appointed distribution had been completed. What was intended as an offering of worship became subject to exploitation by ungodly leaders. Such abuse of sacred responsibility prepared the way for God’s judgment on Eli’s house. Ezk 46:24 And he said to me, “These are the kitchens…”… and plunge it into the pan or kettle or cauldron or cooking pot. The servants intruded into the preparation of peace offerings, using whatever vessel held the sacrificial meat. God had provided for the priests through designated portions of the offerings, but Eli’s sons turned the worshiper’s sacrifice into an opportunity for personal gain. Their conduct dishonored the Lord at the very place where Israel came to draw near to Him. Ezk 24:3-5 Now speak a parable to this rebellious house and tell them… And the priest would claim for himself whatever the meat fork brought up. The three-pronged fork enabled the priests’ servants to seize meat without regard for the portions God had assigned. Leviticus prescribed the breast and right thigh for the priests in peace offerings (Leviticus 7:31–34); Hophni and Phinehas instead treated the offerings as their own property. Their greed revealed contempt for God’s order and for the people whose worship they were charged to oversee. Lev 7:31-34 The priest is to burn the fat on the altar… This is how they treated all the Israelites who came to Shiloh. Shiloh housed the tabernacle and the ark, making it Israel’s central place of worship during this period. The abuse was not isolated but became the regular pattern of Eli’s house toward worshipers from across Israel. Corruption in the priesthood wounded the people’s confidence in worship and brought contempt upon the sacrifices of the Lord, preparing the way for God’s judgment on Eli’s family and for the faithful ministry of Samuel. Jer 7:12-14 But go now to the place in Shiloh where I first made… Even before the fat was burned, In the sacrificial system outlined in Leviticus, the fat of the offering was considered the Lord’s portion and was to be burned on the altar as a pleasing aroma to God (Leviticus 3:16). The priests’ actions here show a blatant disregard for God’s commands, highlighting their corruption and disrespect for sacred practices. This phrase sets the stage for the sinful behavior of Eli’s sons, Hophni and Phinehas, who were priests at Shiloh. Exo 29:13 Take all the fat that covers the entrails and the lobe… the servant of the priest would come and say to the man who was sacrificing, The priests employed servants to carry out their demands, indicating a system of abuse and exploitation. This reflects the hierarchical structure within the temple service, where those in power could manipulate religious practices for personal gain. The man sacrificing represents the faithful Israelite coming to worship, whose offerings were being mishandled. Num 18:8-10 Then the LORD said to Aaron, “Behold, I have put you… “Give the priest some meat to roast, The demand for roasted meat instead of boiled meat signifies a preference for personal taste over divine ordinance. Roasting meat was considered a luxury compared to boiling, which was the prescribed method for certain offerings. This reflects the priests’ self-indulgence and lack of reverence for God’s laws. Lev 7:31-34 The priest is to burn the fat on the altar… because he will not accept boiled meat from you, but only raw.” Raw meat gave the priests control over the choicest portions and threatened the proper offering of the fat to God. Their greed dishonored both the Lord and the worshiper, turning sacrifice into an occasion for personal gain. Such deliberate contempt for holy things brought judgment upon Eli’s house (1 Samuel 2:29–34). Jesus Christ stands in complete contrast, offering Himself wholly and obediently to the Father as the perfect sacrifice for sin (Hebrews 10:10–14). Exo 12:9 Do not eat any of the meat raw or cooked in boiling water,… And if any man said to him, “The fat must be burned first; then you may take whatever you want,” The worshiper sought to honor the Lord’s command that the fat be offered on the altar as a pleasing aroma to Him (Leviticus 3:16). God had provided lawful portions for the priests, including the breast and right thigh, but these were received according to His appointed order (Leviticus 7:31–34). The insistence on burning the fat first shows that faithful Israelites recognized the Lord’s claim upon the sacrifice and desired to preserve the holiness of worship. Lev 3:16-17 Then the priest is to burn the food on the altar… the servant would reply, “No, you must give it to me right now. Eli’s sons used their servants to seize meat before it had been properly offered, treating holy sacrifices as an opportunity for selfish gain. Their demand rejected God’s order and dishonored the people who came to worship. Such conduct taught Israel to despise the offering of the Lord and revealed that Hophni and Phinehas valued their appetite above their priestly calling. Num 18:8-11 Then the LORD said to Aaron, “Behold, I have put you… If you refuse, I will take it by force!” The threat exposed an abuse of priestly authority. Rather than serving as guardians of Israel’s worship, Eli’s sons oppressed worshipers at the sanctuary. Their violence against those seeking to obey God contributed to the judgment announced against Eli’s house (1 Samuel 2:27–36). Against this corruption, Samuel’s faithful service before the Lord would demonstrate the kind of obedience and reverence that Israel’s spiritual leaders had abandoned. Isa 61:8 For I, the LORD, love justice; I hate robbery… Thus the sin of these young men was severe in the sight of the LORD, Hophni and Phinehas, the sons of Eli, served as priests at the tabernacle in Shiloh. Their position required them to guard the holiness of Israel’s worship and to teach the people reverence for God. Instead, they used sacred service for selfish gain. The LORD saw their actions fully and judged them according to His holy standards. Their sin was especially grievous because it was committed by men entrusted with ministry before His presence. Eli’s sons would later come under divine judgment, dying on the same day when the ark was captured by the Philistines (1 Samuel 4:11). 1Sa 3:13 I told him that I would judge his house forever… for they were treating the LORD’s offering with contempt. The sacrifices belonged to the LORD and provided the appointed means by which Israel approached Him in worship, thanksgiving, and atonement. Hophni and Phinehas seized the best portions before the fat had been offered to God, violating God’s commands and intimidating those who brought sacrifices (1 Samuel 2:13–16). Their greed taught the people to despise the worship God had established. Such corruption exposed the failure of sinful priests and pointed forward to Jesus Christ, the faithful High Priest who offered Himself without blemish and brings His people confidently before God (Hebrews 4:14–16; 7:26–27). Mal 1:7-8 By presenting defiled food on My altar. But you ask,… Now Samuel was ministering before the LORD— Dedicated to the LORD by Hannah’s vow, Samuel served at Shiloh under Eli’s oversight while still a child. His work belonged to the worship of God, not merely to the service of the aging priest. Samuel’s faithful presence in the sanctuary stood in sharp contrast to the wickedness of Hophni and Phinehas and preserved a godly witness during a time of spiritual decline. 1Sa 3:1 And the boy Samuel ministered to the LORD before Eli.… a boy wearing a linen ephod. The linen ephod marked Samuel as one set apart for sacred service. Though he was not an Aaronic priest, Samuel belonged to the tribe of Levi and served in connection with the tabernacle. The garment anticipated the greater responsibilities God would later entrust to him as prophet, judge, and leader of Israel. 2Sa 6:14 And David, wearing a linen ephod, danced with all his might… Each year Elkanah’s household returned regularly to Shiloh to worship before the Lord and present their sacrifice. Their faithful pattern of worship formed the setting in which Samuel grew under God’s care. 1Sa 1:3 Year after year Elkanah would go up from his city… his mother would make him a little robe Hannah continued to care for Samuel after giving him to the Lord’s service. The robe was suitable for his ministry at the sanctuary and marked his growth from year to year. Her work expressed enduring love, faithfulness to her vow, and confidence that Samuel belonged first to the Lord. Gen 37:3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than his other sons… and bring it to him Hannah did not regard her dedication of Samuel as abandonment. Though separated from him for much of the year, she remained personally invested in his needs and rejoiced to see him serving before the Lord. 1Sa 1:24-28 Once she had weaned him, Hannah took the boy with her… when she went with her husband Hannah and Elkanah worshiped together as a household. Their shared obedience gave their family a visible testimony of devotion to God and supported Samuel’s calling from his earliest years. 1Sa 1:7 And this went on year after year. Whenever Hannah went up… to offer the annual sacrifice. The family’s sacrifice at Shiloh acknowledged the Lord as the giver of every blessing and maintained their covenant fellowship with Him. Israel’s sacrifices pointed beyond themselves to the perfect sacrifice of Christ, whose offering secured complete forgiveness for His people. 1Sa 1:21-22 Then Elkanah and all his house went up to make the annual… And Eli would bless Elkanah and his wife, saying, Eli recognized the faith of Elkanah and Hannah as they continued to worship at Shiloh and bring Samuel to serve before the LORD. Though Eli’s own household was marked by spiritual failure, God used the high priest to speak a blessing over this faithful family. The blessing affirmed that Hannah’s costly obedience had not escaped God’s notice. Num 6:24-27 ‘May the LORD bless you and keep you;… “May the LORD give you children by this woman Hannah had known the grief and reproach of barrenness, yet she entrusted her longing to the LORD and fulfilled her vow when He gave her Samuel. Eli asked God to provide further children, acknowledging that life and fertility rest in the Lord’s sovereign hand. God’s answer would show that surrender to Him does not leave His servants impoverished. Gen 16:2 So Sarai said to Abram, “Look now, the LORD has prevented… in place of the one she dedicated to the LORD.” Samuel had been given to the LORD for lifelong service at the tabernacle, not abandoned or forgotten by his parents. Elkanah and Hannah willingly placed God’s claim above their own natural desire to keep their son at home. The Lord would later give Hannah three sons and two daughters, demonstrating His gracious care for those who honor Him. Num 3:12-13 “Behold, I have taken the Levites from among the children… Then they would go home. After worshiping and leaving Samuel at Shiloh, Elkanah and Hannah returned to their household in Ramah. Their faith was expressed both in the yearly journey to the sanctuary and in the ordinary responsibilities of home. Samuel remained in the place of God’s service, while his parents continued in obedient trust. 2Sa 6:19 Then he distributed to every man and woman… So the LORD attended to Hannah, God answered Hannah’s prayer after she had entrusted Samuel to His service. Her former barrenness, which had brought grief and reproach, was overturned by the Lord’s merciful care. As with Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel, God demonstrated that He rules over the womb and remembers those who seek Him in faith. 1Sa 1:19-20 The next morning they got up early to bow in worship… and she conceived and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. The Lord gave Hannah five additional children after Samuel. Her willingness to fulfill her vow did not leave her empty; God abundantly provided for her household. Hannah’s family became a lasting testimony that God’s gifts are never diminished by faithful obedience to Him. Job 42:13-15 And he also had seven sons and three daughters.… Meanwhile, the boy Samuel grew up in the presence of the LORD. While Hannah’s home was enlarged, Samuel remained at Shiloh in service before the Lord. His growth involved more than age and strength: God was preparing him to speak His word, lead Israel, and anoint Saul and David. Samuel’s life began in the sanctuary because he belonged to the Lord who had granted him. 1Sa 3:19 And Samuel grew, and the LORD was with him,… Now Eli was very old, Eli’s age marks the end of a long priestly and judicial ministry. Age ordinarily called for honor and reflected experience, but Eli’s physical weakness and diminished authority exposed his failure to govern his own household. His sons’ rebellion had continued long enough to become established and public. 1Sa 4:15 Now Eli was ninety-eight years old, and his gaze was fixed… and he heard about everything his sons were doing to all Israel Hophni and Phinehas used the priesthood for personal gain, seizing sacrificial portions that belonged to the Lord and treating worshipers with contempt. Their conduct harmed all Israel by corrupting worship at Shiloh and causing people to despise the offerings of the Lord. Eli was not ignorant of their sin; he received reports of their widespread abuses, making his later failure to remove them from office especially serious. 1Sa 3:13-14 I told him that I would judge his house forever… and how they were sleeping with the women who served at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting. The sons of Eli added sexual immorality to their sacrilege by exploiting women who served in connection with the sanctuary. Their sin defiled a place set apart for the worship of God and resembled the immoral religious practices of surrounding pagan peoples. Rather than protecting those who came near the Tent of Meeting, Hophni and Phinehas used their sacred office to satisfy themselves. Their corruption confirmed the judgment already announced against Eli’s house and revealed Israel’s need for a faithful priest who would honor the Lord completely, fulfilled ultimately in Jesus Christ, the sinless High Priest. Exo 38:8 Next he made the bronze basin and its stand… “Why are you doing these things?” Eli confronted Hophni and Phinehas over sins that profaned the worship of the Lord and injured the people they were appointed to serve. His question called them to account before God, but his rebuke came after their corruption had become established. 2Ch 24:20 Then the Spirit of God came upon Zechariah son of Jehoiada… Eli said to his sons. As Israel’s high priest and their father, Eli bore responsibility to restrain them from abusing the priesthood. Their privileged position increased the seriousness of their guilt, and Eli’s failure to remove them from office allowed their sin to continue. Pro 4:1-4 Listen, my sons, to a father’s instruction;… “I hear about your wicked deeds Hophni and Phinehas seized sacrificial portions that belonged to God and exploited women serving at the entrance to the tent of meeting. Their conduct treated holy things with contempt and made the priesthood a source of shame rather than blessing. 1Co 5:1 It is actually reported that there is sexual immorality… from all these people. The reports came from throughout Israel because the sons’ sins were public and affected the nation’s worship. Corruption among spiritual leaders harms the whole community, while the need for a faithful priest points forward to Jesus Christ, the holy and blameless High Priest. Luk 7:17 And the news about Jesus spread throughout Judea… No, my sons; Eli addressed Hophni and Phinehas as both their father and Israel’s high priest. Their sins involved contempt for the sacrifices of the LORD and sexual immorality at the entrance of the tent of meeting. His paternal appeal reveals grief over sons who had rejected the sacred responsibilities entrusted to their family. Pro 1:8 Listen, my son, to your father’s instruction,… it is not a good report I hear Reports of their conduct had become widely known. Priests were to teach God’s law, guard the holiness of worship, and lead Israel toward the LORD. Hophni and Phinehas instead used their office for personal gain and dishonored the sacrifices that pointed Israel to forgiveness through God’s appointed means. Num 13:32 So they gave the Israelites a bad report about the land… circulating among the LORD’s people. Their corruption damaged more than their own household; it caused God’s people to abhor the offering of the LORD. Public sin among spiritual leaders brings reproach upon the worship of God and harms those whom they should serve. Eli’s rebuke was right, but it was not accompanied by the decisive discipline required of him, and the LORD would soon judge his house. Lev 19:16 You must not go about spreading slander among your people.… If a man sins against another man, God can intercede for him; Offenses between people could be brought before God’s appointed judges and addressed through the Law, restitution, sacrifice, and prayer. The priesthood also served the nation by presenting offerings for sin, pointing to God’s provision for reconciliation within the covenant community. 1Ki 8:31-32 When a man sins against his neighbor and is required… but if a man sins against the LORD, who can intercede for him?” Hophni and Phinehas had despised the LORD’s sacrifices and abused their sacred office, treating God’s worship with contempt. Their sin was not merely a private failure or a dispute requiring human arbitration; it was open rebellion against the God whom they were appointed to serve. The question exposes humanity’s need for a mediator greater than any earthly priest, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, the one mediator between God and men. Isa 59:16 He saw that there was no man; He was amazed.… But they would not listen to their father, Eli’s warning was serious, yet his sons refused correction. Their conduct violated the command to honor parents and revealed a settled resistance to God’s authority. As priests, they should have led Israel in reverence, but their unrepentance instead brought corruption into the place of worship. Deu 21:18-21 If a man has a stubborn and rebellious son… since the LORD intended to put them to death. God’s purpose of judgment did not excuse their sin; it confirmed that their persistent rebellion had reached the point of divine sentence. The judgment later fell when Hophni and Phinehas died on the same day during Israel’s battle with the Philistines, fulfilling the word spoken against Eli’s house. 1Sa 3:14 Therefore I have sworn to the house of Eli… And the boy Samuel Samuel was dedicated to the Lord by his mother, Hannah, as a fulfillment of her vow. He was raised in the tabernacle at Shiloh under the priest Eli. This setting is significant as it was a time of spiritual decline in Israel, with corrupt priests like Eli’s sons, Hophni and Phinehas. Samuel’s presence in the tabernacle symbolizes a new beginning and hope for Israel. 1Sa 3:1 And the boy Samuel ministered to the LORD before Eli.… continued to grow in stature This phrase indicates Samuel’s physical growth and development. It parallels the growth of other significant biblical figures, such as Jesus, who “grew in wisdom and stature” (Luke 2:52). It suggests that Samuel was healthy and strong, preparing him for the leadership role he would eventually assume as a prophet and judge over Israel. Luk 2:52 And Jesus grew in wisdom and stature, and… and in favor with the LORD Samuel’s favor with the Lord highlights his spiritual growth and the divine approval of his life and actions. Unlike Eli’s sons, who were corrupt and disobedient, Samuel’s life was marked by obedience and dedication to God. This favor is reminiscent of other biblical figures like Joseph and David, who also found favor with God due to their faithfulness. Pro 12:2 The good man obtains favor from the LORD, but… and with man. His integrity gained the respect of those who observed his life at the sanctuary. Samuel’s growth in favor with both God and people anticipates the description of Jesus’ growth in Luke 2:52. Pro 3:4 Then you will find favor and high regard…
A Prophecy against the House of EliGod sent an unnamed messenger to confront Eli at the height of his priestly authority. The man’s name is unimportant; his commission from the LORD gives the message its authority. Eli bore responsibility not only for Israel’s worship but also for the conduct of his sons, whose corruption had dishonored the sanctuary. 1Sa 3:11-14 Then the LORD said to Samuel, “I am about to do something… “This is what the LORD says: The warning proceeds from the LORD Himself, not from human criticism or priestly rivalry. God’s word exposes sin accurately and calls His servants to account for the trust placed in them. 2Sa 7:5 Go and tell My servant David that this is what the LORD says:… ‘Did I not clearly reveal Myself to your father’s house Eli belonged to the line of Aaron, whom God chose to serve as high priest. The LORD had graciously made Himself known to Aaron’s household and entrusted that family with sacrifices, instruction, and access to the holy things. Privilege before God brought corresponding responsibility to honor Him. Exo 6:2-3 God also told Moses, “I am the LORD.… when they were in Egypt under Pharaoh’s house? God’s choice of Aaron’s house began while Israel still lived under Pharaoh’s oppression. Before Israel possessed a land, temple, or king, the LORD had acted in mercy to redeem His people and establish the priesthood for their worship. Eli’s household therefore stood under the weight of a long history of divine grace, making its rejection of God’s commands especially serious. Exo 1:11-14 So the Egyptians appointed taskmasters over the Israelites… And out of all the tribes of Israel I selected your father to be My priest, God chose Aaron and his descendants from the tribe of Levi to serve before Him in the priesthood (Exodus 28–29). Eli belonged to the line of Ithamar, Aaron’s son, and therefore held an office established by God’s sovereign appointment. The priesthood was not a human privilege but a holy trust, requiring faithful obedience from those set apart to represent the people before the Lord. Exo 28:1 “Next, have your brother Aaron brought to you… to offer sacrifices on My altar, Sacrifices provided God’s appointed means for dealing with sin, expressing thanksgiving, and maintaining covenant fellowship. Priests handled the offerings at the altar according to God’s commands, pointing beyond themselves to Christ, whose once-for-all sacrifice secured forgiveness for His people (Hebrews 10:11–14). Exo 29:38-42 This is what you are to offer regularly on the altar… to burn incense, Incense was offered in the sanctuary as an act of worship and intercession before God. Its rising smoke pictured prayers ascending to the Lord (Psalm 141:2; Revelation 8:3–4). Priestly access to this ministry carried the responsibility to draw near to God with reverence and to serve the spiritual good of Israel. Exo 30:7-8 And Aaron is to burn fragrant incense on it… and to wear an ephod in My presence. The ephod was part of the high priest’s sacred garments, marking him as one who ministered before the Lord on behalf of the nation (Exodus 28:6–12). Aaron bore the names of Israel’s tribes before God, anticipating the greater ministry of Jesus Christ, the true High Priest who continually intercedes for His people (Hebrews 4:14–16). Exo 28:4 These are the garments that they shall make:… I also gave to the house of your father all the food offerings of the Israelites. God provided for the priestly families through designated portions of Israel’s offerings (Leviticus 2:3; 7:31–34). Such provision showed that those devoted to the service of the sanctuary were to be sustained by God’s people. Eli’s sons had corrupted this gracious provision by taking what God had not given them and treating holy offerings with contempt. Num 18:8-11 Then the LORD said to Aaron, “Behold, I have put you… Why then do you kick at My sacrifice and offering Hophni and Phinehas treated the sacrifices at Shiloh with contempt, seizing meat before the fat had been offered to the LORD and intimidating worshipers who resisted them. Their conduct despised God’s appointed way of atonement and fellowship, turning holy service into an opportunity for greed. Eli knew of their evil and failed to restrain them, making him accountable for dishonoring what God had commanded. Isa 1:11-13 “What good to Me is your multitude of sacrifices?”… that I have prescribed for My dwelling place? The tabernacle was the place where the LORD made His presence known among Israel, and its sacrifices upheld the covenant worship He had established. Israel’s offerings were not empty ceremonies but God-given provisions for reconciliation, thanksgiving, and communion with Him. The corruption of the priesthood therefore threatened the spiritual life of the nation. The sacrificial system ultimately anticipated Christ, whose once-for-all offering fulfills what the tabernacle sacrifices could only foreshadow.. Deu 12:5-7 Instead, you must seek the place the LORD your God… You have honored your sons more than Me Eli placed loyalty to his sons above obedience to God. He confronted them with words but did not exercise the discipline required of the high priest and father over men who were profaning the sanctuary. God requires those entrusted with spiritual responsibility to uphold His holiness, even when faithful correction brings pain within one’s own household. Deu 13:6-8 If your very own brother, or your son or daughter,… by fattening yourselves with the best of all the offerings of My people Israel.’ The priests were entitled to designated portions of certain offerings, but Eli’s sons demanded what God reserved for Himself and took from the people by force. Their abuse enriched their household while robbing God of honor and burdening those who came to worship. Judgment upon Eli’s house showed that religious privilege without reverence brings severe accountability. Lev 3:16-17 Then the priest is to burn the food on the altar… Therefore, the LORD, the God of Israel, declares: The covenant God speaks as Israel’s righteous King and Judge. His verdict against Eli’s household comes from the One who established the priesthood, gave the Law, and holds His servants accountable for representing Him faithfully. 1Sa 3:11-14 Then the LORD said to Samuel, “I am about to do something… ‘I did indeed say that your house and the house of your father would walk before Me forever. God had chosen Aaron’s family to serve before Him in the priesthood, and Eli belonged to the line of Ithamar, Aaron’s son. Priestly service was a holy privilege, requiring reverence for God and obedience to His commands. Eli’s sons treated the Lord’s sacrifices with contempt, and Eli failed to restrain them as he should have done. Num 25:13 It will be a covenant of permanent priesthood… But now the LORD declares: Far be it from Me! God would not allow Eli’s family to continue in honored priestly service while dishonoring His worship. The judgment did not cancel God’s purpose to maintain a priesthood before Him, but it removed the privileged position of Eli’s corrupt line. The later rise of Zadok’s priestly line demonstrated that the Lord preserves His holy purposes while judging unfaithful servants. 1Sa 12:23 As for me, far be it from me that I should sin… For I will honor those who honor Me, God gives honor to those who fear Him, obey His word, and value what He has made holy. True service to God is never merely inherited office or outward religious activity; it requires a heart that submits to Him. Jhn 12:26 If anyone serves Me, he must follow Me; and where I am… but those who despise Me will be disdained. Contempt for God brings His judgment and the loss of honor before Him and others. Eli’s household would experience this warning through the death of Hophni and Phinehas, the loss of priestly influence, and enduring weakness in the family line. God’s dealings with Eli affirm that covenant privilege increases responsibility rather than excusing sin. Isa 5:24 Therefore, as a tongue of fire consumes the straw,… Behold, the days are coming God announced a judgment that would surely overtake Eli’s household. The warning came while Israel’s worship was being corrupted by Hophni and Phinehas, who treated the sacrifices with contempt and used their office for personal sin. God’s patience did not mean approval; the appointed days of reckoning would arrive. Jer 7:32 So behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD,… when I will cut off your strength Eli’s strength included the honor, security, and priestly authority entrusted to his family. The Lord would remove the influence that Eli’s house had abused. Hophni and Phinehas died on the same day when Israel was defeated and the ark was captured (1 Samuel 4:11), showing that sacred office cannot shield those who despise the God they claim to serve. Psa 10:15 Break the arm of the wicked and evildoer; call him to account… and the strength of your father’s house, The judgment extended through Eli’s line of descent from Ithamar, Aaron’s son. The sins within the priesthood brought lasting consequences upon the household responsible for guarding Israel’s worship. Saul’s slaughter of the priests at Nob nearly destroyed Eli’s descendants, though Abiathar escaped (1 Samuel 22:18–20). Solomon later removed Abiathar from the priesthood, bringing the word against Eli’s house to its fuller fulfillment (1 Kings 2:27). 1Sa 3:11-14 Then the LORD said to Samuel, “I am about to do something… so that no one in it will reach old age. A long life was commonly regarded as evidence of God’s blessing, stability, and peace. Eli’s family would instead know loss, weakness, and premature death. The judgment revealed the seriousness of dishonoring the Lord: spiritual privilege carries real responsibility, and God will uphold the holiness of His name. Psa 55:23 But You, O God, will bring them down to the Pit… You will see distress in My dwelling place. The tabernacle at Shiloh, where the ark of God rested, would become the setting of judgment because Eli’s household had dishonored the Lord’s worship. Eli lived to hear of Israel’s defeat, the death of Hophni and Phinehas, and the capture of the ark by the Philistines (1 Samuel 4:11, 17–18). Shiloh was later abandoned and desolated, a lasting witness that God’s holy presence cannot be treated with contempt (Psalm 78:60; Jeremiah 7:12). 1Sa 4:21-22 And she named the boy Ichabod, saying, …… Despite all that is good in Israel, God would continue to show covenant mercy to Israel, yet His favor toward the nation would not cancel His judgment on an unfaithful priestly family. Israel needed leaders who honored the Lord above personal gain, family loyalty, and public position. Jos 21:45 Not one of all the LORD’s good promises to the house of Israel… no one in your house will ever again reach old age. Eli’s line would be marked by loss and shortened lives, beginning with the deaths of his sons and continuing in the removal of his descendants from the priesthood. Solomon’s banishment of Abiathar, a descendant of Eli, fulfilled the word against Eli’s house and established Zadok’s line in the priesthood (1 Kings 2:27). The failure of Eli’s house points forward to Jesus Christ, the faithful and eternal High Priest who perfectly serves God and intercedes for His people. 1Ki 2:31-33 And the king replied, “Do just as he says.… And every one of you that I do not cut off from My altar, God would not immediately remove every descendant of Eli from priestly service, yet the survivors would remain as witnesses to the ruin of their house. The priesthood continued through Eli’s line for a time, but its privilege became a source of sorrow rather than honor. Abiathar, a descendant of Eli, was later removed from office by Solomon, fulfilling the judgment against Eli’s house (1 Kings 2:27).. 1Ki 2:27 So Solomon banished Abiathar from the priesthood of the LORD… I will cause your eyes to fail and your heart to grieve. Eli’s family would suffer the anguish of seeing its strength, influence, and sons diminished. Failing eyes and a grieving heart portray enduring distress under God’s discipline. Those appointed to guard the holiness of worship had treated the Lord’s offerings with contempt, and their household would bear the consequences of that rebellion. Deu 28:65 Among those nations you will find no repose,… All your descendants will die by the sword of men. The judgment included violent death and the cutting off of Eli’s family in its strength. Hophni and Phinehas died in battle when the ark was captured by the Philistines (1 Samuel 4:11), and many priests connected with Eli’s line were later slain at Nob by Doeg the Edomite (1 Samuel 22:18–19). God’s word against Eli’s house revealed that no position of spiritual privilege excuses persistent sin or protects those who dishonor the Lord. 1Sa 4:11 The ark of God was captured, and Eli’s two sons,…… And this sign shall come to you God gave Eli a visible and devastating confirmation that His judgment upon Eli’s house would surely stand. The coming event would verify the warning already spoken because Eli had honored his sons above the LORD and failed to restrain their contempt for God’s sacrifices. Jer 44:29 This will be a sign to you that I will punish you… concerning your two sons Hophni and Phinehas: Hophni and Phinehas served at the tabernacle in Shiloh, yet they treated their priestly office with open corruption. They seized portions of sacrifices contrary to God’s law and committed immorality at the entrance to the tent of meeting (1 Samuel 2:12–17, 22). Their sin profaned the worship of Israel, and Eli’s unwillingness to remove them made his household accountable before God. 1Sa 4:17 The messenger answered, “Israel has fled… They will both die on the same day. The death of both men in one day would demonstrate that the LORD had acted against the corrupt priesthood. The prophecy was fulfilled when Israel went to battle against the Philistines, the ark was captured, and Hophni and Phinehas were killed (1 Samuel 4:11). Their deaths marked the end of Eli’s house as the ruling priestly line and revealed the seriousness of approaching a holy God without repentance. In contrast to these unfaithful priests, Jesus Christ is the perfect High Priest, wholly obedient to the Father and the final sacrifice for the sins of His people. 1Sa 31:6 So Saul, his three sons, his armor-bearer… Then I will raise up for Myself a faithful priest. God would replace Eli’s corrupt house with a priest who honored the Lord’s holiness and served without seeking personal gain. Samuel displayed this faithfulness in contrast to Hophni and Phinehas, but the enduring priestly line came through Zadok. After Solomon removed Abiathar, a descendant of Eli, Zadok’s house was established in the high priesthood (1 Kings 2:27, 35). The promise ultimately directs attention to Jesus Christ, the perfectly faithful High Priest who brings sinners to God. 1Ki 2:35 And the king appointed Benaiah son of Jehoiada… He will do whatever is in My heart and mind. The priest would carry out God’s will rather than use sacred office for selfish purposes. His ministry would be governed by devotion to the Lord and obedience to His commands. Jesus fulfilled this obedience without fault, doing the Father’s will in all things and offering Himself according to God’s saving purpose (John 5:30; 6:38). Act 13:22 After removing Saul, He raised up David as their king… And I will build for him an enduring house, God promised a lasting priestly household in place of Eli’s condemned line. Zadok’s descendants continued in priestly service, and Ezekiel’s vision gives special recognition to the sons of Zadok for remaining faithful when others departed from the Lord (Ezekiel 44:15). The lasting nature of the promise finds its fullest fulfillment in Christ, whose priesthood is permanent because He lives forever (Hebrews 7:24–25). 2Sa 7:13 He will build a house for My Name, and I will… and he will walk before My anointed one for all time. The faithful priest would serve before the king whom God appointed, joining priestly ministry to the Lord’s royal purpose for Israel. Zadok served David and Solomon, the Lord’s anointed rulers. The promise reaches beyond Israel’s earthly kings to Jesus, the eternal Messiah, who is both King and High Priest and reigns forever. Psa 2:2 The kings of the earth take their stand… And everyone left in your house Eli’s surviving descendants would remain under the judgment announced because Hophni and Phinehas treated the Lord’s sacrifices with contempt and Eli failed to restrain them faithfully. Their family would not be utterly destroyed at once, but its priestly prominence would be removed. 1Sa 22:20 But one of the sons of Ahimelech son of Ahitub escaped.… will come and bow down to him Those descended from Eli would submit to the faithful priest whom God would raise up. The judgment began to unfold when Solomon removed Abiathar, a descendant of Eli, from the priesthood and established Zadok’s line in his place (1 Kings 2:27, 35). Gen 37:10 He told his father and brothers, but his father… for a piece of silver or a morsel of bread, A household once sustained by the offerings of Israel would be reduced to seeking the smallest provision. God’s judgment exposed the emptiness of religious privilege when it was separated from reverence, obedience, and holy service. Pro 28:21 To show partiality is not good, yet a man will do wrong… pleading, “Please appoint me to some priestly office The descendants would seek priestly work not from devotion to the Lord, but from need. Their request reveals how far Eli’s house had fallen from its former authority and honor. Num 16:10 He has brought you near, you and all your fellow Levites… so that I can eat a piece of bread.”’” Bread, the most basic provision, becomes the measure of their humiliation. The warning shows that God does not preserve spiritual leadership merely because of family heritage; He honors those who honor Him and brings low those who despise His holiness. 1Sa 21:3-6 Now then, what do you have on hand? Give me five loaves… This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com. Bible Hub |
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